Electrospun wound dressings with antibacterial function: a critical review of plant extract and essential oil incorporation

Figures & data

Figure 1. Representation of the most promising properties of electrospun fibers for application as antimicrobial wound dressings.

Figure 2. Schematic representation of the most common electrospinning techniques used for the incorporation of bioactive compounds into nanofibers: pre-electrospinning (blend, encapsulation, coaxial, and emulsion electrospinning) and post-electrospinning [physical adsorption, chemical immobilization, and layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly].

Figure 3. Illustration of the side-by-side and multi-jet electrospinning for the incorporation of bioactive compounds into electrospun nanofibers.

Figure 4. Representation of the electrospun wound dressings containing medicinal plant extracts and their key roles in the healing process.

Table 1. Examples of plant extracts that have been incorporated into electrospun wound dressing materials.

Plant extract	Material/polymer	Key findings	Reference
Acacia tortilis	Chitosan (CS)/polyethylene oxide (PEO)/cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs)	The incorporation of Acacia tortilis extract improved the antibacterial and antifungal properties of nanofiber membranes. Moreover, evaluation of the biological performance of membranes revealed their biocompatibility.	[62]
Acalypha indica	Guar gum/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)	The incorporation of Acalypha indica extract into electrospun nanofibers improved bactericidal activity and promoted cell adhesion and proliferation.	[63]
Achyranthes aspera and Datura metel	Polycaprolactone (PCL)	PCL/Achyranthes aspera and PCL/Datura metel nanofibrous mats showed potent antibacterial activity and biocompatibility and promoted healing.	[64]
Agrimonia eupatoria L.	PVA/CS	The PVA_CS blend loaded with Agrimonia eupatoria L. was electrospun using Nanospider electrospinning on top of a pre-activated cotton gauze bandage. The produced dual-layer composite material displayed suitable properties for use as a wound dressing and prevented bacterial infection of the wound.	[65]
Aloe vera	Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)	The composite nanofibers of PVP with Aloe vera and Aloe vera acetate demonstrated no bacterial and viral growth and suitability for wound healing.	[66]
	PCL and CS/PEO	The asymmetric electrospun membrane with a top layer of PCL and a bottom layer of PEO, CS, and Aloe vera prevented the invasion and growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and promoted healing.	[67]
Annona muricata L.	PVA	The electrospun PVA nanofibers loaded with Annona muricata L. (soursop) leaf extract inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, indicating the potential application of the developed nanofibers as a viable antibacterial wound dressing material.	[68]
Artemisia annua L.	PCL and gelatin	A double-layer wound dressing material composed by an electrospun gelatin/Artemisia annua L. active layer and a PCL nanofibrous base layer displayed no cytotoxicity against fibroblasts and promoted cell adhesion and proliferation. Moreover, the produced nanofibrous wound dressing exhibited potent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus.	[69]
Azadirachta indica	PVA and CS	The bi-layered PVA-CS blend nanofibrous mat incorporated with Azadirachta indica (neem) extract revealed suitable properties for application as a biodegradable and an antibacterial wound dressing material.	[70]
Calendula officinalis	PCL/gum arabic	The PCL/Calendula officinalis/gum arabic nanofibrous membranes exhibited excellent mechanical properties and porosity favorable for cell proliferation. Moreover, the produced membranes showed antibacterial activity as well as good cytocompatibility and biocompatibility.	[71]
	CS/PEO	The CS/PEO nanofibers containing Calendula officinalis extract showed potent antibacterial properties against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and enhanced the proliferation, growth, and attachment of fibroblast cells, indicating wound healing ability.	[72]
Camellia sinensis	CS/PEO	The CS/PEO/Camellia sinensis (green tea) extract nanofibers exhibited favorable antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity and promoted healing.	[73]
Capparis spinosa L.	Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)	The incorporation of Capparis spinosa L. extract into PLA nanofiber membranes improved the wettability, mechanical properties, oxidation resistance, and inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli of the developed material.	[74]
Centella asiatica	PCL and PVA_CS	The produced double-layered PCL/PVA_CS-thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) membrane containing Centella asiatica extract did not exhibit cytotoxicity against fibroblasts while also ensuring controlled release of Centella asiatica as well as producing excellent antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which is advantageous to prevent skin infections.	[75]
Chamomilla recutita L.	PCL/polystyrene (PS)	Both in vitro and in vivo assays showed that the loading of Chamomilla recutita L. (chamomile) extract into PCL/PS nanofibrous mats improved the healing process while protecting the wound from infection.	[76]
Chromolaena odorata L.	PVA	The optimized electrospun PVA/Chromolaena odorata L. nanofibers were suitable for antimicrobial wound dressing applications.	[77]
Clerodendrum phlomidis	PCL	The loading of Clerodendrum phlomidis extract into PCL nanofibers mats enhanced mechanical properties, wettability, and antibacterial and antioxidant activities.	[78]
Curcuma longa L.	PCL/polyethylene glycol (PEG)	The curcumin-loaded PCL/PEG nanofiber mats exhibited enhanced biological properties. These nanofibrous mats showed excellent antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities and promoted cell proliferation. Moreover, wound closure occurred in a shorter period.	[79]
Elaeagnus angustifolia	Silk fibroin (SF)/PVA	Different concentrations of Elaeagnus angustifolia extract were incorporated in SF/PVA nanofibers. The incorporation of Elaeagnus angustifolia extract into the nanofibrous dressings improved their antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Moreover, cell viability slightly increased with increasing Elaeagnus angustifolia concentration.	[80]
Garcinia mangostana	CS-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)/PVA	The electrospun CS-EDTA/PVA nanofiber mats containing Garcinia mangostana exhibited antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Moreover, these mats accelerated the rate of healing compared with the control (gauze-covered) material.	[81]
	Poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA)	The Garcinia mangostana-loaded PLLA fiber mats exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, the electrospun PLLA fibers containing Garcinia mangostana showed excellent antioxidant properties and did not manifest cytotoxicity against fibroblasts at lower extraction ratios.	[82]
Grewia mollis	Polyurethane (PU)	The PU nanofibers containing Grewia mollis extractinhibited the growth of the bacterial strains, acting as a potential antimicrobial agent.	[83]
Gymnema sylvestre	PCL	Electrospun PCL nanofibrous mats incorporated with Gymnema sylvestre extract prevented biofilm formation and promoted normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) cell attachment.	[84]
Hypericum capitatum var. capitatum	Polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)/gelatin	The electrospun PLGA/gelatin membranes containing Hypericum capitatum var. capitatum (HCC) showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, when HCC was added at ≥5 wt%. Moreover, these electrospun membranes did not compromise cell viability.	[85]
Hypericum perforatum L.	PLLA and PEO_CS	Hypericum perforatum L. incorporation granted additional antimicrobial properties to the PEO_CS base layer, which is essential to provide an aseptic environment at the wound site. Moreover, the properties of double-layer PLLA/PEO_Hypericum perforatum L._CS nanofibrous mats offered important insights into the behavior of this material as a wound dressing.	[86]
Ipomoea pes-caprae L.	PVA	The Ipomoea pes-caprae L. extract-loaded electrospun hydrogels showed a superior antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus compared with a commercial dressing patch. This material may be used to dress infected wounds.	[87]
Juniperus chinensis	PVA	The Juniperus chinensis-incorporated PVA nanofibers presented excellent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia.	[88]
Lawsonia inermis	PEO/PVA	The electrospun PEO/PVA nanofibers containing Lawsonia inermis (Henna) extract, a potent eco-friendly antimicrobial agent, exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.	[89]
	CS/PEO	The electrospun CS/PEO nanofibrous mats incorporated with different concentrations of traditional of Lawsonia inermis leaf extract displayed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and accelerated the wound healing process.	[90]
	Gelatin/oxidized starch (OST)	The gelatin/OST nanofibers containing Lawsonia inermis (Henna) enhanced cell adhesion and proliferation, collagen synthesis, and antibacterial activity. Further, in vivo assays demonstrated that the nanofibers loaded with Henna extract remarkably accelerated wound closure.	[91]
	PLLA/gelatin	Lawsonia inermis loading into PLLA/gelatin nanofibrous membranes inhibited the growth of both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. These biocompatible membranes were suitable to control wound infections.	[92]
Melilotus officinalis	PCL/CS	The incorporation of Melilotus officinalis extract into the PCL/CS nanofibrous mats improved the antibacterial activity. Moreover, the PCL/CS/Melilotus officinalis mats did not display any cytotoxic effect but promoted cell adhesion and proliferation.	[93]
Momordica charantia	PVA	The electrospun PVA/Momordica charantia nanofibers exhibited potent antibacterial activity against both Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli and did not produce any cytotoxic effect.	[94]
Nigella sativa	PVA	The incorporation of Nigella sativa extract into PVA mats enhanced their antibacterial, moisture management, and wound healing properties.	[95]
Phaeodactylum tricornutum	Gelatin	The Phaeodactylum tricornutum-loaded gelatin nanofiber mats exhibited antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Moreover, these nanofibers did not show cytotoxicity.	[96]
Tecomella undulata	PCL/PVP	Tecomella undulata-loaded PCL/PVP nanofiber mats inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli, highlighting their potential as antimicrobial wound dressing materials.	[97]
Tridax procumbens	PVA	The electrospun PVA nanofibrous mats containing Tridax procumbens exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.	[98]
	PCL	The Tridax procumbens-PCL nanofibers exhibited potent antibacterial activity, acting as a wound healing enhancer.	[99]
Zataria multiflora	Cellulose acetate/gelatin	A multifunctional nanofibrous cellulose acetate/gelatin/Zataria multiflora-nano-emulsion wound dressing material exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and considerably promoted the wound healing process.	[100]
Achillea millefolium, Calendula officinalis, Chamomilla recutita, Echinacea purpurea, and Hypericum perforatum	Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/PEO	Electrospun mats containing plant extracts were produced using needleless electrospinning. The obtained electrospun materials loaded with plant extracts exhibited bactericidal properties against Staphylococcus aureus as well as antioxidant properties.	[101]
Hypericum perforatum, Agrimonia eupatoria, and Satureja hortensis	Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)	The electrospun TPU nanofibers loaded with Satureja hortensis displayed the highest antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.	[102]
Indigofera aspalathoides, Azadirachta indica, Memecylon edule, and Myristica andamanica	PCL	The electrospun PCL nanofibers containing Memecylon edule exhibited the highest cell proliferation activity and showed the least cytotoxicity among all other electrospun nanofibrous membranes. Moreover, the biocompatibility and antimicrobial activity of the PCL/Memecylon edule nanofibers promoted healing and skin regeneration.	[103]

Table 2. Examples of electrospun wound dressing materials incorporated with essential oils (Eos).

Eos	Material/polymer	Key findings	Reference
Eugenol	Polycaprolactone (PCL)/ polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/chitosan (CS)	Eugenol, an essential oil known for its therapeutic properties, was incorporated into electrospun PCL/PVA/CS fiber mats. The obtained fiber mats were suitable for use as wound dressing material and exhibited inhibitory effects against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.	[106]
Hypericum perforatum oil	PCL-polyethylene glycol (PEG)/PCL	An electrospun bi-layered membrane was produced with an upper layer of PCL to protect the wound from external factors and confer mechanical support and a lower PEG/PCL layer incorporated with Hypericum perforatum oil to prevent the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.	[107]
Lavender oil	Polyurethane (PU)	The electrospun PU nanofiber mats containing lavender oil and Ag nanoparticles displayed synergistic antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and promoted cell growth and proliferation.	[108]
Origanum minutiflorum oil	CS	The CS core-shell nanofibers loaded with Origanum minutiflorum oil improved antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus and exhibited controlled and tunable drug release.	[109]
Olive oil	Polyethylene oxide (PEO)/CS/PCL	The electrospun PEO/CS/PCL nanofibrous scaffolds containing olive oil exhibited potent antibacterial activity; promoted cell adhesion, spread, and proliferation; and showed no cytotoxicity.	[110]
Peppermint oil	PCL	The peppermint oil-loaded PCL electrospun fiber mats displayed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli but did not show cytotoxicity against normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) cells.	[111]
Tea tree oil	CS/PCL	The electrospun CS/PCL fiber mats containing tea tree oil presented wide-spectrum antibacterial properties and accelerated healing.	[112]
Zataria multiflora oil	CS/PVA/gelatin	CS/PVA/gelatin nanofiber mats successfully incorporated with different concentrations of Zataria multiflora oil (0, 2, 5, and 10%) exhibited potent antibacterial activity against Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus, without any cytotoxicity.	[113]
Cinnamon, clove, and lavender oils	Sodium alginate (SA)/PVA	Cotton-gauzed SA/PVA nanofibers incorporated with three different concentrations (0.5, 1, and 1.5%) of cinnamon, clove, and lavender oils exhibitedexcellent antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus.	[114]
Palmarosa oil and phytoncide	PVA	The electrospun PVA nanofibrous membranes containing palmarosa oil and phytoncide were successful produced using emulsion electrospinning. The membranes containing palmarosa oil exhibited a stronger antimicrobial effect as well as better air/moisture vapor transport and water uptake properties.	[115]
Satureja mutica or Oliveria decumbens oil	CS/PVA (core) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)/maltodextrin (MD) (shell)	The core-shell nanofibers loaded with EOs showed potent antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, which are essential for promoting the healing process.	[116]
Tea tree oil, and Manuka oil	Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)	The incorporation of EOs derived from Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) and Leptospermum scoparium (Manuka) into PLA nanofibers enhanced both mechanical and antibacterial properties. Manuka oil was particularly effective in preventing bacterial colonization and biofilm formation.	[117]

Figure 5. Biosynthesis of Ag nanoparticles using plant extracts.

Ribeiro AS, Costa SM, Ferreira DP, et al. Chitosan/nanocellulose electrospun fibers with enhanced antibacterial and antifungal activity for wound dressing applications. React Funct Polym. 2021;159:104808.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Jenifer P, Kalachaveedu M, Viswanathan A, et al. Fabricated approach for an effective wound dressing material based on a natural gum impregnated with Acalypha indica extract. J Bioact Compat Polym. 2018;33:612–628.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Suryamathi M, Viswanathamurthi P, Seedevi P. Herbal plant leaf extracts immobilized PCL nanofibrous mats as skin-inspired anti-infection wound healing material. Regen Eng Transl Med. 2021;8(1):9.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Mouro C, Dunne CP, Gouveia IC. Designing new antibacterial wound dressings: development of a dual layer cotton material coated with poly(vinyl alcohol)_chitosan nanofibers incorporating Agrimonia eupatoria L. Extract Mol. 2020;26:83.

 Google Scholar

Aghamohamadi N, Sanjani NS, Majidi RF, et al. Preparation and characterization of Aloe vera acetate and electrospinning fibers as promising antibacterial properties materials. Mater Sci Eng C. 2019;94:445–452.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Miguel SP, Ribeiro MP, Coutinho P, et al. Electrospun polycaprolactone/Aloe vera_chitosan nanofibrous asymmetric membranes aimed for wound healing applications. Polymers. 2017;9:183.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Aruan NM, Sriyanti I, Edikresnha D, et al. Polyvinyl alcohol/soursop leaves extract composite nanofibers synthesized using electrospinning technique and their potential as antibacterial wound dressing. Procedia Eng. 2017;170:31–35.

 Google Scholar

Mirbehbahani FS, Hejazi F, Najmoddin N, et al. Artemisia annua L. as a promising medicinal plant for powerful wound healing applications. Prog Biomater. 2020;9:139–151.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Ali A, Shahid MA, Hossain MD, et al. Antibacterial bi-layered polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-chitosan blend nanofibrous mat loaded with Azadirachta indica (neem) extract. Int J Biol Macromol. 2019;138:13–20.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Pedram Rad Z, Mokhtari J, Abbasi M. Preparation and characterization of Calendula officinalis-loaded PCL/gum arabic nanocomposite scaffolds for wound healing applications. Iran Polym J. 2019;28:51–63.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Kharat Z, Amiri Goushki M, Sarvian N, et al. Chitosan/PEO nanofibers containing Calendula officinalis extract: preparation, characterization, in vitro and in vivo evaluation for wound healing applications. Int J Pharm. 2021;609:121132.

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Sadri M, Arab-Sorkhi S, Vatani H, et al. New wound dressing polymeric nanofiber containing green tea extract prepared by electrospinning method. Fibers Polym. 2015;16:1742–1750.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Zhu P, Zhang X, Wang Y, et al. Electrospun polylactic acid nanofiber membranes containing Capparis spinosa L. extracts for potential wound dressing applications. J Appl Polym Sci. 2021;138:50800.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Mouro C, Fangueiro R, Gouveia IC. Preparation and Characterization of Electrospun Double-layered Nanocomposites Membranes as a Carrier for Centella asiatica (L.). Polymers. 2020;12:2653–2618.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Motealleh B, Zahedi P, Rezaeian I, et al. Morphology, drug release, antibacterial, cell proliferation, and histology studies of chamomile-loaded wound dressing mats based on electrospun nanofibrous poly(ɛ-caprolactone)/polystyrene blends. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 2014;102:977–987.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Sriyanti I, Marlina L, Jauhari J. Optimization of the electrospinning process for preparation of nanofibers from poly (vinyl alcohol) (pva) and Chromolaena odorata L. extract (COE). J Pendidik Fis Indones. 2020;16:47–56.

 Google Scholar

Ravichandran S, Radhakrishnan J, Jayabal P, et al. Antibacterial screening studies of electrospun Polycaprolactone nano fibrous mat containing Clerodendrum phlomidis leaves extract. Appl Surf Sci. 2019;484:676–687.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Bui HT, Chung OH, Dela Cruz J, et al. Fabrication and characterization of electrospun curcumin-loaded polycaprolactone-polyethylene glycol nanofibers for enhanced wound healing. Macromol. Res. 2014;22:1288–1296.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Nourmohammadi J, Hadidi M, Nazarpak MH, et al. Physicochemical and antibacterial characterization of nanofibrous wound dressing from silk fibroin-polyvinyl alcohol- Elaeagnus angustifolia extract. Fibers Polym. 2020;21:456–464.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Charernsriwilaiwat N, Rojanarata T, Ngawhirunpat T, et al. Electrospun chitosan-based nanofiber mats loaded with Garcinia mangostana extracts. Int J Pharm. 2013;452:333–343.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Suwantong O, Pankongadisak P, Deachathai S, et al. Electrospun poly(l-lactic acid) fiber mats containing crude Garcinia mangostana extracts for use as wound dressings. Polym. Bull. 2014;71:925–949.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Amina M, Al-Youssef HM, Amna T, et al. Poly(urethane)/G. mollis composite nanofibers for biomedical applications. J Nanoengng Nanomfg. 2012;2:85–90.

 Google Scholar

Ramalingam R, Dhand C, Leung CM, et al. Antimicrobial properties and biocompatibility of electrospun poly-ε-caprolactone fibrous mats containing Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract. Mater Sci Eng C. 2019;98:503–514.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Akşit NN, Gürdap S, İşoğlu SD, et al. Preparation of antibacterial electrospun poly(D, L-lactide-co-glycolide)/gelatin blend membranes containing Hypericum capitatum var. capitatum. Int J Polym Mater Polym Biomat. 2021;70:797–809.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Mouro C, Gomes AP, Gouveia IC. Double-layer PLLA/PEO_Chitosan nanofibrous mats containing Hypericum perforatum L. as an effective approach for wound treatment. Polym Adv Technol. 2021;32:1493–1506.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Eakwaropas P, Ngawhirunpat T, Rojanarata T, et al. Fabrication of electrospun hydrogels loaded with Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br extract for infected wound. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2020;55:101478.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Kim JH, Lee H, Jatoi AW, et al. Juniperus chinensis extracts loaded PVA nanofiber: enhanced antibacterial activity. Mater Lett. 2016;181:367–370.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Avci H, Monticello R, Kotek R. Preparation of antibacterial PVA and PEO nanofibers containing Lawsonia Inermis (henna) leaf extracts. J Biomater Sci – Polym Ed. 2013;24:1815–1830.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Yousefi I, Pakravan M, Rahimi H, et al. An investigation of electrospun Henna leaves extract-loaded chitosan based nanofibrous mats for skin tissue engineering. Mater Sci Eng C. 2017;75:433–444.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Hadisi Z, Nourmohammadi J, Nassiri SM. The antibacterial and anti-inflammatory investigation of Lawsonia inermis-gelatin-starch nano-fibrous dressing in burn wound. Int J Biol Macromol. 2018;107:2008–2019.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Vakilian S, Norouzi M, Soufi-Zomorrod M, et al. L. inermis-loaded nanofibrous scaffolds for wound dressing applications. Tissue Cell. 2018;51:32–38.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Shahrousvand M, Haddadi-Asl V, Shahrousvand M. Step-by-step design of poly (ε-caprolactone)/chitosan/Melilotus officinalis extract electrospun nanofibers for wound dressing applications. Int J Biol Macromol. 2021;180:36–50.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Hashmi M, Ullah S, Kim IS. Electrospun Momordica charantia incorporated polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibers for antibacterial applications. Mater Today Commun. 2020;24:101161.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Ali A, Mohebbullah M, Shahid M, et al. PVA-Nigella sativa nanofibrous mat: antibacterial efficacy and wound healing potentiality. J Text Inst. 2021;112:1611–1621.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Kwak HW, Kang MJ, Bae JH, et al. Fabrication of Phaeodactylum tricornutum extract-loaded gelatin nanofibrous mats exhibiting antimicrobial activity. Int J Biol Macromol. 2014;63:198–204.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Suganya S, Senthil Ram T, Lakshmi BS, et al. Herbal drug incorporated antibacterial nanofibrous mat fabricated by electrospinning: an excellent matrix for wound dressings. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2011;121:2893–2899.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Ganesan P, Pradeepa P. Development and characterization of nanofibrous mat from PVA/Tridax Procumbens (TP) leaves extracts. Wound Med. 2017;19:15–22.

 Google Scholar

Suryamathi M, Ruba C, Viswanathamurthi P, et al. Tridax Procumbens extract loaded electrospun PCL nanofibers: a novel wound dressing material. Macromol. Res. 2019;27:55–60.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Farahani H, Barati A, Arjomandzadegan M, et al. Nanofibrous cellulose acetate/gelatin wound dressing endowed with antibacterial and healing efficacy using nanoemulsion of Zataria multiflora. Int J Biol Macromol. 2020;162:762–773.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Maver T, Kurečič M, Pivec T, et al. Needleless electrospun carboxymethyl cellulose/polyethylene oxide mats with medicinal plant extracts for advanced wound care applications. Cellulose. 2020;27:4487–4508.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Avci H, Gergeroglu H. Synergistic effects of plant extracts and polymers on structural and antibacterial properties for wound healing. Polym. Bull. 2019;76:3709–3731.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Jin G, Prabhakaran MP, Kai D, et al. Tissue engineered plant extracts as nanofibrous wound dressing. Biomaterials. 2013;34:724–734.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Mouro C, Simões M, Gouveia IC. Emulsion electrospun fiber mats of PCL/PVA/chitosan and eugenol for wound dressing applications. Adv Polym Technol. 2019;2019:1–11.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Eğri Ö, Erdemir N. Production of Hypericum perforatum oil-loaded membranes for wound dressing material and in vitro tests. Artificial Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. 2019;47:1404–1415.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Sofi HS, Akram T, Tamboli AH, et al. Novel lavender oil and silver nanoparticles simultaneously loaded onto polyurethane nanofibers for wound-healing applications. Int J Pharm. 2019;569:118590.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Avci H, Ghorbanpoor H, Nurbas M. Preparation of Origanum minutiflorum oil-loaded core–shell structured chitosan nanofibers with tunable properties. Polym. Bull. 2018;75:4129–4144.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Zarghami A, Irani M, Mostafazadeh A, et al. Fabrication of PEO/chitosan/PCL/olive oil nanofibrous scaffolds for wound dressing applications. Fibers Polym. 2015;16:1201–1212.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Unalan I, Slavik B, Buettner A, et al. Physical and antibacterial properties of peppermint essential oil loaded poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) electrospun fiber mats for wound healing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2019;7:346.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Bai MY, Chang YT, Tsai JC, et al. Tea tree oil-Containing chitosan/polycaprolactone electrospun nonwoven mats: a systematic study of its anti-bacterial properties in vitro. Int J Nanotechnol. 2013;10:959–972.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Ardekani NT, Khorram M, Zomorodian K, et al. Evaluation of electrospun poly (vinyl alcohol)-based nanofiber mats incorporated with Zataria multiflora essential oil as potential wound dressing. Int J Biol Macromol. 2019;125:743–750.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Rafiq M, Hussain T, Abid S, et al. Development of sodium alginate/PVA antibacterial nanofibers by the incorporation of essential oils. Mater Res Express. 2018;5:035007.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Lee K, Lee S. Electrospun nanofibrous membranes with essential oils for wound dressing applications. Fibers Polym. 2020;21:999–1012.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Barzegar S, Zare MR, Shojaei F, et al. Core-shell chitosan/PVA-based nanofibrous scaffolds loaded with Satureja mutica or Oliveria decumbens essential oils as enhanced antimicrobial wound dressing. Int J Pharm. 2021;597:120288.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Zhang W, Huang C, Kusmartseva O, et al. Electrospinning of polylactic acid fibres containing tea tree and manuka oil. React Funct Polym. 2017;117:106–111.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Data availability statement

Data that support the findings of this study are included in the article.