Nanotechnology for controlling mango malformation: a promising approach

Figures & data

Figure 1. Nutritive values and contents in mango fruit.

Figure 2. Pathogen showing microspores and macrospores.

Figure 3. Life cycle of Fusarium mangiferae causing mMango malformation in Mangifera indica.

Figure 4. (a) Mango tree bearing mango malformation disease, (b) Vegetative malformation, (c) Floral malformation, (d) Isolated Fusarium culture, (e) Isolated culture under microscopic study showing microspores and macrospores of F. mangiferae.

Figure 5. Uses of nanotechnology against environmental stresses.

Figure 6. Important features of various NPs.

Figure 7. Summary of plant-based nanoparticles possessing different applications.

Table 1. Examples of nanoparticles previously used to control fungal diseases in plants.

No.	Nanoparticles	Pathogen	References
1	Silver	Bipolaris sorokiniana Magnaporthe grisea	(Jo et al., 2009)
2	Silver	Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani, Botrytis cinerea,  Curvularia lunata Alternaria alternata, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum	(Krishnaraj et al., 2012)
3	Graphene oxide	Fusarium graminearum Sclerotinia sclerotiorum	(Peng et al., 2022)
4	Silver	Botrytis cinerea Penicillium expansum, Aspergillus niger Alternaria sp. Rhizopus sp.	(Fernández et al., 2016)
5	Silver	Fusarium oxysporum	(Kaur et al., 2018)
6	Chitosan	Fusarium oxysporum	(Sathiyabama, & Charles, 2015)
7	Titanium Silver Selenium	Alternaria alternata	(El-Gazzar, & Ismail, 2020)
8	Selenium	Rhizoctonia solani	(Hashem et al., 2021)
9	Selenium	Fusarium sp.	(El-Saadony et al., 2021)
10	Silver Selenium	Alternaria solani	(Ismail et al., 2016)
11	Silver	Stromatinia cepivora	(Darwesh, & Elshahawy, 2021)
12	Silver	Alternaria solani	(El-Batal et al., 2016)
13	Zinc Selenium	Candida albicans Cryptococcus neoformans Aspergillus niger A. fumigatus	(Lashin et al., 2023)
14	Zinc	Fusarium oxysporum	(Abdelaziz et al., 2021)
15	Selenium	Penicillium digitatum	(Salem et al., 2022)
16	Selenium	Phytophthora infestans	(Joshi et al., 2021)
17	Chitosan-Copper	Rhizoctonia solani Pythium aphanidermatum	(Vanti et al., 2020)
18	Selenium Copper	Alternaria solani	(Quiterio-Gutiérrez et al., 2019)
19	Silica	Alternaria solani	(Derbalah et al., 2018)

Figure 8. Applications of plant-based nanoparticles against antifungal activity.

Figure 9. Synthesis of nanoparticles by using various methods.

Figure 10. Green synthesis of nanoparticles using plant extract.

Figure 11. Mechanisms of nanoparticles and antifungal mode of action.

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Data availability statement

All the obtained data are presented in this article.