Dynamic modelling of chronotype and hypo/manic and depressive symptoms in young people with emerging mental disorders

Figures & data

Table 1. Sample socio-demographics, symptom total scores, and chronotype at baseline and follow-up assessments (N = 118).

	Baseline		Follow-up
	Mean or N	SD or %	Mean or N	SD or %
Sex
Male	46	39.0	46	39.0
Female	72	61.0	72	61.0
Age (years)	20.9	3.9	22.7	3.9
Education (years)	12.5	2.4	13.0	2.4
HDRS total score	13.3	7.8	10.1	6.3
YMRS total score	3.9	6.5	2.6	4.1
MEQ total score	44.4	9.9	46.1	9.6
Tobacco use (daily or more)	24	20.3	26	22.0
Alcohol use (daily or more)	10	8.5	10	8.5
Cannabis use (weekly or more)	10	8.5	16	13.6
Antidepressant use	51	43.2	25	21.2
Antipsychotic use	40	33.9	15	12.7
Mood stabiliser use	25	21.2	15	12.7

HDRS=Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; YMRS=Young Mania Rating Scale; MEQ=Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire.

Table 2. Sample characteristics and clinical scores by diagnostic group.

	Depression (N = 44)		Bipolar (N = 46)		Psychosis (N = 19)		Other (N = 9)
	M or N (SD or %)		M or N (SD or %)		M or N (SD or %)		M or N (SD or %)
	Baseline	Follow-up	Baseline	Follow-up	Baseline	Follow-up	Baseline	Follow-up
Gender (female)	26 (59.1)	26 (59.1)	34 (73.9)	34 (73.9)	4 (21.1)	4 (21.1)	8 (88.9)	8 (88.9)
Age (years)	20.3 (3.73)	22.2 (3.68)	21.6 (3.60)	23.2 (3.67)	21.8 (4.51)	23.7 (4.49)	18.3 (3.32)	19.9 (3.72)
Years of education	12.2 (2.32)	12.8 (2.29)	13.0 (2.15)	13.2 (2.18)	12.6 (2.99)	13.5 (2.80)	11.4 (2.96)	12.1 (2.62)
HDRS total	15.6 (6.43)	12.1 (6.37)	11.8 (8.00)	7.76 (5.45)	10.6 (8.07)	9.37 (5.82)	14.9 (9.39)	13.2 (7.76)
YMRS total	3.47 (5.84)	2.06 (3.24)	5.06 (7.88)	2.60 (3.47)	2.16 (3.20)	4.29 (6.52)	3.89 (6.66)	1.71 (4.54)
MEQ total	41.4 (10.1)	46.0 (9.92)	44.3 (9.10)	45.1 (10.2)	51.1 (8.48)	49.9 (7.36)	44.6 (10.7)	43.0 (8.11)

HDRS=Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, YMRS=Young Mania Rating Scale, MEQ=Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire.

Figure 1. Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) categories and total scores at baseline and follow-up across diagnostic groups.

Table 3. Fit indices for the univariate latent change score models.

Model	${\chi }^2$	df	p	RMSEA [90% CI]	CFI	TLI	SRMR
Depressive symptoms	.132	1	.717	.000 [.000, .169]	1.00	1.08	.009
Hypo/manic symptoms	.599	1	.439	.000 [.000, .198]	1.00	1.14	.024
Chronotype	.915	1	.339	.000 [.000, .251]	1.00	1.00	.023

${\chi }^2$ = chi-square. df = degrees of freedom. p = p-value of the chi-square statistic. RMSEA [90% CI] = root mean square [90% confidence interval]. CFI = comparative fit index. TLI = Tucker-Lewis index. SRMR = standardised root mean square residual.

Table 4. Path coefficients for bivariate latent change score models. Single-headed arrows (→) indicate a regression path; the double-headed arrows (↔) indicate a covariance path.

Model/path	b (SE)	$\beta$	z	p
Depressive symptoms and chronotype
Baseline depressive symptoms
→ $\mathrm{\Delta }$ depressive symptoms	−.615 (.064)	−.650	−9.68	< .001
→ $\mathrm{\Delta }$ chronotype	.008 (.085)	.007	.092	.926
Baseline chronotype
→ $\mathrm{\Delta }$ chronotype	−.369 (.069)	−.447	−5.34	< .001
→ $\mathrm{\Delta }$ depressive symptoms	−.012 (.048)	−.016	−.241	.810
Baseline depressive symptoms
↔ baseline chronotype	−8.89 (6.84)	−.117	−1.30	.194
$\mathrm{\Delta }$ depressive symptoms
↔ $\mathrm{\Delta }$ chronotype	−3.89 (3.72)	−.096	−1.05	.295
Baseline age
→ baseline depressive symptoms	−.226 (.182)	−.113	−1.24	.215
→ baseline chronotype	.080 (.222)	−.031	.361	.718
Hypo/manic symptoms and chronotype
Baseline hypo/manic symptoms
→ $\mathrm{\Delta }$ hypo/manic symptoms	−.854 (.070)	−.819	−12.1	< .001
→ $\mathrm{\Delta }$ chronotype	.001 (.113)	−.000	−.005	.996
Baseline chronotype
→ $\mathrm{\Delta }$ chronotype	−.370 (.067)	−.448	−5.48	< .001
→ $\mathrm{\Delta }$ hypo/manic symptoms	.052 (.032)	.077	1.63	.104
Baseline hypo/manic symptoms
↔ baseline chronotype	4.87 (5.18)	.077	.940	.347
$\mathrm{\Delta }$ hypo/manic symptoms
↔ $\mathrm{\Delta }$ chronotype	−3.30 (1.82)	−.116	−1.81	.070
Baseline age
→ baseline hypo/manic symptoms	−.280 (.125)	−.167	−2.23	.026
→ baseline chronotype	.080 (.222)	−.031	.361	.718

Note: $\mathrm{\Delta }$ = change in b; (SE) = unstandardised regression coefficient (standard error); $\beta$ = standardised regression coefficient; z = Wald statistic; p = p-value of the Wald statistic.

Figure 2. Bivariate latent change score model of depressive symptoms and chronotype at baseline (T1) and follow-up (T2) assessments.

Figure 3. Bivariate latent change score model of hypo/manic symptoms and chronotype at baseline (T1) and follow-up (T2) assessments.