Investigation of benthic phosphorus flux controls in Lake Waco, Texas

Figures & data

Table 1 SOD and site features, Lake Waco, TX

Site	Date	SOD^b (g O 2 /m^2 day)	Water Temp (C)	Secchi Depth (m)	Station Depth (m)	Photic Zone (m)	Sediment Description
1	12 Nov 2002	Not Observable^c	17	0.76	2.1	2.3	Muddy fine sand
3	07 Nov 2002	1.75	16	0.61	9.1	1.8	Silty clay
3 (Dup)	07 Nov 2002	1.33	16	0.61	9.1	1.8	Silty clay
3b	14 Nov 2002	0.73	16	0.76	5.9	2.3	Sand with silt and clay
6	06 Nov 2002	4.28	14	0.46	4.3	1.4	Silty clay
6b	13 Nov 2002	1.11	16	0.46	3.7	1.4	Silty clay
Average^a		1.92
^aSite 1 excluded from average because of photic zone influence.
^bPositive flux indicates sediment uptake of oxygen.
^cSOD was not observed because water column photosynthesis was greater than SOD.

Table 2 Sediment fractionation results for Lake Waco, TX, samples.

Site	Loosely Sorbed P (mg P/kg)	Fe bound P (mg P/kg)	Total P (mg P/kg)	% Solids
1	<0.10	31	310	46
2	<0.08	13	220	53
3	<0.16	42	470	29
4	<0.17	36	480	26
5	<0.16	40	470	27
6	<0.19	34	590	23
7	<0.14	49	500	31
8	<0.20	50	630	22
9	<0.21	48	660	21
10	<0.17	34	470	26
11	<0.19	54	640	22
12	<0.16	38	570	28
13	<0.14	40	560	34
14	<0.13	19	520	35
15	<0.11	12	500	42
Maximum	Below	54	660	53
Minimum	Detection	12	220	21
Average	Limit	36	506	31

Table 3 Diffraction results for Lake Waco, TX, sediment samples.

		Fraction of Solid Phase (% Dry Weight)
Site		Quartz (SiO 2 )	Calcium Carbonate(CaCO 3 )	Apatite (Ca 5 (PO4) 3 OH)
12	Pre-extraction	35	45	5
12	Post-extraction	38	42	4
8	Pre-extraction	23	56	3
8	Post-extraction	21	60	5
8 dup	Pre-extraction	25	52	5
8 dup	Post-extraction	22	56	6
2	Pre-extraction	49	32	3
2	Post-extraction	44	36	4
Average (Pre-extraction)		36	44	4
Average (Post-extraction)		35	45	5

Table 4 Literature reported SOD data.

Location	Sediment Description	SOD (g O 2 /m^2 day)	Reference
Lakes and Streams in Europe	Unknown sediment type, Sediment incubation temp 0−18 C	0.31−2.6	Bowman and Delfino 1980
Lower Green Bay, WI	Unknown sediment type, Sediment incubation temp. 12 C	1.90−1.65	Bowman and Delfino 1980
Assabet River, MA	Muck, Sediment incubation temp. 10−25 C	1−2.4	ENSR 2001a
Onondaga Lake, NY	Hyper-eutrophic lake	1.68	Gelda et al. 1995
Lk. Shagawa, Minnesota	Soft water lake, eutrophic	0.12−0.22	Sonzogni et al. 1977
Browns Lake, MS	Silt and clay	1.12	Price et al. 1994
Literature Review	Unknown sediment type (6 sites reported)	0.0007−2.9	Ishikawa and Nishimura 1989
Rathburn Lk., IA	Sand	0.46	Price et al. 1994
Lake Waco, TX	Calcareous silt, Sediment incubation temp. 14−17 C	0.73−4.28	This paper
Range		0−4.28

Table 5 Literature reported sediment fractionation results.

Location	Loosely Sorbed P (mg P/kg)	Iron and Al bound P (mg P/kg)	Ca bound (mg P/kg)	Total P (mg P/kg)	Fe(mg Fe/kg)	Notes and References
64 Lakes in Ontario Canada, CT, VT, PA & NY	0–872	233–5,879	75–737	1,342–5,075	21,400–111,300	Alkalinity 0.10–2.87 meq/L (Ostrofsky 1987)
Lk. Arreso, Denmark	320	470	240	2,650		Shallow, eutrophic and unstratified (Sondergaard et al. 1992)
Lk. Fina, Sweden	32	2,640 Fe bound- P only		4,000	44,500	Shallow lake (Rydin and Welch 1998)
Lk. Vallentuna, Sweden	34	90		1,600	28,100	Rydin and Welch 1998
Long Pond, MA	0.97–1.53	24.5–172				ENSR 2001b
Otis Reservoir, MA	3.02–5.60	26.0–34.0				ENSR 2001c
Lk. Vallentunasjon	138	257	315	1,810		Previously sewage loaded lake (Bostrom et al. 1988a)
Lk. Sodea-Bergundasjon, Sweden	253	4,017	707	6,490		Rich in iron and humics (Bostrom et al. 1988a)
Lk. Erken	15	137	461	1,230		Mesotrophic lake with calcareous soils in watershed (Bostrom et al. 1988a)
Lk. Stora Hastevatten	10	60	19	950		Acidified oligotrophic lake (Bostrom et al. 1988a)
Lk. Blakaren, Sweden	10 % of TP					Calcareous lake (Penn et al. 1995)
Lk. Balaton, Hungary	5–10% of TP		Ca mineral and residual P composed 80% of TP			Calcareous lake (Penn et al. 1995)
Lk. Brielle, Netherlands	7–20% of TP					Calcareous lake (Penn et al. 1995)
Lks. Wingra, Monona, Delevan and Geneva (USA)	1–12% of TP		Ca mineral and residual P composed 79–88% of TP			Calcareous lake (Penn et al. 1995)
Lake Waco, TX	BDL	12–54		220–660		Calcareous lake (This paper)

Table 6 Literature-reported phosphorus data in top 0–5 cm of Lake Waco, TX, sediments (Abraham 1998).

	Non-apatite Inorganic P^a (mg P/Kg)	Ca-P (mg P/Kg)	Residual P^b (mg P/Kg)	Total P (mg P/Kg)	% of Total P from Non-apatite Inorganic P (%)	% of Total P from Ca-P (%)	% of Total P from Residual P (%)
Average (N =15)	33	246	471	749	4	33	63
Min	3.5	58	191	252	1	23	51
Max	53	350	713	1063	9	45	76
^aNon-apatite inorganic P = Loosely sorbed (NH4Cl-P), Fe and Al bound.
^bResidual phosphorus = organic and inert phosphorus.

Ostrofsky , M . 1987 . Phosphorus species in the surficial sediments of lakes of eastern North America . Can J Fish Aquat Sci. , 44 : 960 – 966 .

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Sondergaard , M , Kristensen , P and Jeppensen , E . 1992 . Phosphorus release from resuspended sediment in the shallow and wind-exposed Lake Arreso, Denmark . Hydrobiologia , 228 : 91 – 99 .

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Rydin , E and Welch , E . 1998 . Aluminum dose required to inactivate phosphate in lake sediments . Water Res. , 32 ( 10 ) : 2969 – 2976 .

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Bostrom , B , Anderson , J , Fleischer , S and Jansson , M . 1988a . Exchange of phosphorus across the sediment-water interface . Hydrobiologia , 170 : 229 – 244 .

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Penn , M , Auer , M , Van Orman , E and Korienek , J . 1995 . Phosphorus diagenesis in lake sediments: Investigations using fractionation techniques . Mar Freshw Res. , 46 : 89 – 99 .

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Abraham , J . 1998 . Controls on the geochemistry of reservoir sediments , PhD dissertation Waco , (TX) : Baylor University .

 Google Scholar