Impact of mental and developmental disorders on disability in Japanese university students: A cross-sectional study

Figures & data

Table 1. Characteristics of the participants (N = 156).

Characteristics	Mean (SD)	Range
Age	22.14 (2.86)	18–37
Year of school	3.06 (1.89)	1–8
Type of residence
Living alone	127	81.4%
Living with others	29	18.6%
Leave of absence	40	25.6%
No leave of absence	116	74.4%
Current year level
Undergraduate	126	80.8%
Graduate	30	19.2%
Route of visit
The student themself	24	15.4%
Parents/guardians	132	84.6%
Chief complaint
Learning	115	73.7%
Living	6	3.8%
Career	22	14.1%
Incident/accident	13	8.3%
Cooperating institutions
None	4	2.5%
One institution	43	27.6%
Multiple (two or more institutions)	109	69.9%
Zero referrals*	4	2.6%
Diagnosis
None	83	53.2%
Mental disorder	36	23.1%
Developmental disorder	24	15.4%
Mental/developmental disorder	9	5.8%
Other (eg physical disabilities)	4	2.6%

* Note: “zero referrals” denotes that no referrals were made to other supporters or professional organizations.

Table 2. Quantitative differences in average WHODAS 2.0 scores according to who initiated consultation (N = 156).

Domain	Students (N = 24) M (SD)	Parents, others (N = 132) M (SD)	All (N = 156) M (SD)
Cognition	16.88 (18.35)	22.58 (18,02)	21.70 (18.13)
Mobility	6.77 (11.64)	10.32 (14.39)	9.78 (14.02)
Self-care	9.58 (13.34)	6.89 (10.78)	7.31 (11.21)
Getting along	25.69 (27.68)	30.56 (26.20)	29.81 (26.40)
Life activities (school)	31.25 (30.94)*	45.02 (28.96)	42.90 (29.60)
Participation	28.30 (23.54)	29.36 (21.05)	29.19 (21.37)
Overall disability	20.72 (14.75)	25.19 (15.80)	24.50 (15.68)

Note: *p < .05.

Table 3. Average score and standard deviations by diagnosis and WHODAS domain and results of the dispersion analysis (N = 152).

Diag.	No diagnosis (N = 83)		Mental disorders (N = 36)		Developmental disorders (N = 24)		Multiple (N = 9)		H	df	p	Multiple comparison
Domain	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD
Cognition	17.23	15.35	28.33	21.94	23.54	16.91	32.78	20.93	10.63	3	.014
Mobility	6.63	10.80	18.58	17.77	5.99	9.12	13.89	19.96	14.07	3	.003	None, Developmental < Mental
Self-care	5.06	8.02	12.50	14.22	8.33	14.35	6.67	10.00	7.95	3	.047	None < Mental
Getting along	21.49	23.18	40.74	25.49	41.32	28.81	32.41	29.89	19.99	3	.000	None < Mental, Developmental
Life activities (school)	36.57	29.23	56.35	26.66	36.61	28.90	66.67	18.21	18.27	3	.000	None < Mental, Multiple Developmental < Multiple
Participation	23.69	21.13	40.51	18.08	26.39	18.54	42.59	25.92	21.26	3	.000	None < Mental
Overall disability	19.39	14.41	33.60	16.24	24.76	14.15	34.80	10.63	25.01	3	.000	None < Mental, Multiple

“Multiple” refers to those with both mental and developmental disorders diagnoses. Analysis was performed after excluding four individuals with physical disabilities from the 156 subjects.

H: Kruskal–Wallis H; df: degrees of freedom.