Effects of selected dietary constituents on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in U.S. adults

Figures & data

Table 1. Sample size and weighted characteristics of NHANES 2001–2010 adult participants.

	ALL
	n	Weighted distributions of the participants
Sex
Men	8607	48.3%
Women	9082	51.7%
Age (years), mean ± SEM	17,689	45.8 ± 0.3
Education level
Less than high school	4827	19.4%
Completed high school	3942	24.4%
More than high school	7743	56.4%
Race/Ethnicity
White (non-Hispanic)	8290	69.4%
Non-Hispanic Black	3724	11.5%
Mexican-American	3363	8.4%
Other Hispanic and other	2312	10.7%

NHANES: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys; SEM: standard error of mean.

Table 2. Clinical and biochemical measures across quartiles of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP).

	Quarters of serum hsCRP
Variables	1	2	3	4	p difference	p-trend^a
Number	4164	4156	4222	4066
Serum hsCRP [median(95% CI)], mg/dl	0.04 (0.03–0.04)	0.12 (0.12–0.12)	0.30 (0.30–0.31)	1.27 (1.23–1.31)
Sex (men, %)	53.5%	54.8%	46.3%	36.3%	<.001	<.001
Age (years)	41.9 ± 0.3	46.9 ± 0.3	47.7 ± 0.3	48.0 ± 0.4	<.001	<.001
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	24.6 ± 0.08	27.5 ± 0.10	29.9 ± 0.1	33.1 ± 0.1	<.001	<.001
Waist circumference (cm)	87.7 ± 0.2	96.1 ± 0.3	101.4 ± 0.3	107.7 ± 0.4	<.001	<.001
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dl)	91.9 ± 0.4	96.7 ± 0.5	99.4 ± 0.6	106.1 ± 0.9	<.001	<.001
HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)	57.7 ± 0.3	53.1 ± 0.3	51.0 ± 0.4	49.8 ± 0.3	<.001	<.001
Total cholesterol (mg/dl)	189.5 ± 0.8	198.1 ± 0.9	202.2 ± 1.0	199.4 ± 0.9	<.001	<.001
Triglycerides (mg/dl)	125.7 ± 1.8	157.1 ± 3.3	173.8 ± 3.2	169.2 ± 2.8	<.001	<.001
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	117.8 ± 0.2	121.6 ± 0.3	123.0 ± 0.4	123.7 ± 0.4	<.001	<.001
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	68.6 ± 0.4	70.3 ± 0.2	70.4 ± 0.3	70.0 ± 0.3	<.001	<.001
Type-2 diabetes (%)	4.5%	7.2%	9.7%	13.9%	<.001	<.001
Hypertension (%)	10.6%	15.4%	17.3%	18.6%	<.001	<.001
Metabolic syndrome (%)	12.1%	26.3%	37.2%	42.8%	<.001	<.001

HDL: high-density lipoprotein; hsCRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.

Values expressed as estimated mean and standard error.

^a p Values for linear trend across quartiles of hsCRP. Variables were compared across quartiles of CRP using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Chi-square tests.

Table 3. Age-, sex- and race-adjusted mean nutrient intakes across quartiles of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels.

	Quarters of hsCRP
Variables	1	2	3	4	p for trend^a
Number	4164	4156	4222	4066
hs-CRP [mean (95% CI)], mg/dl	0.04 (0.03–0.04)	0.12 (0.12–0.12)	0.30 (0.30–0.31)	1.27 (1.23–1.31)
Protein (g)	82.68 ± 0.85	82.58 ± 0.82	81.98 ± 0.83	80.78 ± 0.93	.379
Carbohydrate (g)	264.76 ± 3.07	266.47 ± 2.60	260.65 ± 2.61	265.10 ± 2.35	.231
Total fat (g)	76.22 ± 1.12	77.19 ± 1.16	76.40 ± 1.09	77.06 ± 1.07	.426
Total saturated fatty acids (g)	23.22 ± 0.82	24.36 ± 0.22	23.62 ± 0.32	25.41 ± 0.72	.392
Total monounsaturated fatty acids (g)	28.12 ± 0.32	28.82 ± 0.92	28.32 ± 0.42	28.72 ± 0.38	.491
Total polyunsaturated fatty acids (g)	17.35 ± 0.62	17.82 ± 0.35	16.06 ± 0.34	15.90 ± 0.72	<.001
Total sugar (g)	114.44 ± 1.99	112.93 ± 1.71	115.96 ± 1.65	114.16 ± 1.44	.551
Dietary fibre (g)	17.64 ± 0.25	16.53 ± 0.20	15.75 ± 0.24	14.86 ± 0.21	<.001
Vitamin E (mg)	7.61 ± 0.12	7.21 ± 0.11	6.88 ± 0.12	6.49 ± 0.15	<.001
Vitamin A (μg)	616.57 ± 12.33	587.17 ± 13.73	552.19 ± 12.32	537.38 ± 13.35	<.001
Thiamin (mg)	1.64 ± 0.02	1.63 ± 0.02	1.59 ± 0.02	1.55 ± 0.02	.086
Riboflavin (mg)	2.07 ± 0.03	2.04 ± 0.02	2.00 ± 0.03	1.95 ± 0.02	<.001
Niacin (mg)	25.45 ± 0.25	24.79+ ±0.28	24.48 ± 0.28	23.64 ± 0.32	<.001
Vitamin B6 (mg)	2.08 ± 0.03	1.96 ± 0.03	1.95 ± 0.03	1.87 ± 0.02	<.001
Total folate (μg)	426.35 ± 5.56	405.69 ± 5.35	391.03 ± 6.57	380.31 ± 5.08	<.001
Folic Acid (μg)	195.43 ± 4.45	188.30 ± 3.82	180.07 ± 4.52	176.89 ± 3.24	.062
vitamin B family (μg)	230.97 ± 3.08	217.35 ± 3.24	210.99 ± 3.01	203.40 ± 3.04	<.001
Vitamin B12 (μg)	5.13 ± 0.12	5.06 ± 0.13	5.05 ± 0.11	5.08 ± 0.12	.569
Vitamin C (mg)	100.17 ± 2.41	92.19 ± 2.30	90.86 ± 1.98	87.21 ± 2.47	<.001
Vitamin K (μg)	111.94 ± 4.48	97.24 ± 3.97	92.44 ± 3.54	89.97 ± 3.63	<.001
Calcium (mg)	905.31 ± 16.68	901.16 ± 13.93	883.92 ± 14.01	866.91 ± 12.77	.134
Phosphorus (mg)	1321.60 ± 14.54	1320.13 ± 14.71	1301.70 ± 13.59	1272.70 ± 14.93	.071
Magnesium (mg)	308.87 ± 3.50	295.30 ± 3.21	283.36 ± 3.17	273.94 ± 3.56	<.001
Iron (mg)	15.60 ± 0.21	15.18 ± 0.16	14.85 ± 0.20	14.48 ± 0.15	<.001
Zinc (mg)	11.95 ± 0.32	11.93 ± 0.44	11.67 ± 0.30	11.82 ± 0.36	.862
Copper (mg)	1.38 ± 0.02	1.33 ± 0.02	1.30 ± 0.02	1.26 ± 0.02	<.001
Sodium (mg)	3466.05 ± 41.26	3435.44 ± 40.72	3465.55 ± 32.53	3412.30 ± 44.22	.708
Potassium (mg)	2727.99 ± 31.05	2632.16 ± 29.71	2592.34 ± 26.11	2498.46 ± 28.18	<.001
Selenium (μg)	113.64 ± 1.36	112.26 ± 1.31	112.28 ± 1.30	109.57 ± 1.51	.125

hsCRP: high sensitivity C-reactive protein.

Analysis of covariance applied to measure the corrected mean.