Association of thiazolidinedione with a lower risk of Parkinson’s disease in a population with newly-diagnosed diabetes mellitus

Figures & data

Table 1. Comparison TZD treatment and non-tzd treatment groups of patients with newly-diagnosed DM with respect to characteristics in demographics and comorbidities (n = 38,521).

	TZD treatment (n = 8,250, 21.4%)		Non-TZD treatment (n = 30,271, 78.6%)
Variable	n	%	n	%	p value
Median age (IQR)	52 (45–60)		55 (47–65)		<.001
30–49	3,407	41.3	9,551	31.6
50–69	4,209	51.0	16,194	53.5
70–89	634	7.7	4,526	14.9
Sex					.001
Male	4,347	52.7	16,558	54.7
Female	3,903	47.3	13,713	45.3
Parkinson’s disease	52	0.6	492	1.6	<.001
Comorbidity
Liver cirrhosis	232	2.8	952	3.1	.121
Uremia	165	2.0	310	1.0	<.001
Stroke	936	11.4	3,753	12.4	.010

DM: diabetes mellitus; TZD: thiazolidinedione; IQR: interquartile range.

Figure 1. Parkinson’s disease-free survival rates for thiazolidinedione treatment and non-thiazolidinedione treatment groups of patients with newly-diagnosed diabetes mellitus.

Table 2. Crude and adjusted hazard ratios for parkinson’s disease among DM patients with TZD treatment and non-TZD treatment (n = 38,521).

	Total	TZD treatment n = 8,250	Non-TZD treatment n = 30,271
Development of Parkinson’s disease	544 (1.4%)	52 (0.6%)	492 (1.6%)
Crude HR (95% CI)		0.288 (0.216-0.384)***	1.00
^aAdjusted HR (95% CI)		0.399 (0.299-0.532)***	1.00

DM: diabetes mellitus; TZD: thiazolidinedione; CI: confidence interval; HR: hazard ratio.

^aAdjustments were made for age, sex, liver cirrhosis, uremia, and stroke.

*** p < .001.

Table 3. Comparison among diabetic patients with treatment of variable doses of TZD with respect to characteristics in demographics and comorbidities, and hazard ratios for parkinson’s disease.

	Defined daily doses of TZD n = 8,250 (100%)
	0–90	90–180	180–360	360–720	>720
Variable	n = 2,803 (34.0%)	n = 1,449 (17.6%)	n = 1,644 (19.9%)	n = 1,581 (19.1%)	n = 733 (9.4%)	p value
Median age, IQR	53 (46–61)	52 (45–61)	52 (45–60)	51 (44–60)	50 (44–58)	<.001
30–49	1,070 (38.2%)	593 (40.9%)	681 (41.4%)	697 (44.1%)	366 (47.4%)
50–69	1,447 (51.6%)	736 (50.8%)	839 (51.0%)	800 (50.6%)	387 (50.1%)
70–89	286 (10.2%)	120 (8.3%)	124 (7.6%)	84 (5.3%)	20 (2.6%)
Sex, female	1,331 (47.5%)	690 (47.6%)	775 (47.1%)	759 (48.0%)	348 (45.0%)	.728
Comorbidity
Liver cirrhosis	96 (3.4%)	52 (3.6%)	46 (2.8%)	27 (1.7%)	11 (1.4%)	.001
Uremia	32 (2.2%)	27 (1.9%)	35 (2.1%)	29 (1.8%)	12 (1.6%)	.748
Stroke	349 (12.5%)	176 (12.2%)	173 (10.6%)	174 (11.0%)	64 (8.3%)	.012
Parkinson’s disease	27 (0.96%)	11 (0.76%)	9 (0.55%)	4 (0.25%)	1 (0.13%)
CrudeaHR (95% CI)	0.488 (0.331–0.719)	0.372 (0.205–0.676)	0.241 (0.125–0.466)	0.106 (0.040–0.284)	0.048 (0.007–0.343)
bAdjusted HR (95% CI)	0.613 (0.416–0.904)	0.497 (0.273–0.905)	0.342 (0.177–0.662)	0.154 (0.058–0.413)	0.081 (0.011–0.577)
p value for HR	.014	.022	.014	<.001	.012

TZD: thiazolidinedione; IQR: interquartile range; HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval.

^aReference to non-TZD treatment group.

^bAdjustments were made for age, sex, liver cirrhosis, uremia, and stroke.

Figure 2. Adjusted hazard ratios for Parkinson’s disease for subgroups treated with different cumulative defined daily doses of thiazolidinedione.