The role of lycopene for the amelioration of glycaemic status and peripheral antioxidant capacity among the Type II diabetes mellitus patients: a case–control study

Figures & data

Table 1. Glycaemic status, anthropometry measurements, biochemical characteristics, lycopene intake and peripheral antioxidant capacity of the T2DM and control groups.

Parameters	T2DM (n = 87)	Control (n = 122)	p
Glycaemic status
FPG (mmol/L)	7.9 ± 2.7^a	5.1 ± 1.3^b	<.0001**
HbA1c (%)	8.0 ± 1.5^a	4.8 ± 0.6^b	<.0001**
Anthropometry measurements
BMI (kg/m^2)	28.5 ± 5.3	27.9 ± 3.3	.133
WC (cm)	98.6 ± 13.5	96.9 ± 8.2	.267
HC (cm)	104.6 ± 11.9	102.9 ± 5.8	.619
MUAC	12.5 ± 1.9	12.8 ± 0.6	.468
CC	14.7 ± 1.9	15.1 ± 0.8	.332
Biochemical characteristics
SBP (mmHg)	141.2 ± 19.5	133.2 ± 10.3	.438
DBP (mmHg)	79.3 ± 10.8	75.8 ± 8.1	.786
TG (mmol/L)	1.8 ± 1.0	1.6 ± 0.6	.112
TC (mmol/L)	4.6 ± 1.1	4.5 ± 0.8	.133
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.2 ± 0.3^a	1.5 ± 0.1^b	<.0001**
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.7 ± 0.9^a	2.4 ± 0.7^b	.013*
Dietary lycopene intake  (µg/d)	2759.5 ± 2307.9	2844.9 ± 2112.4	.749
Peripheral antioxidant capacity
TAC (U/mL)	11.7 ± 1.8^a	14.3 ± 2.9^b	.015*
GPx (U/L)	352.7 ± 32.6^a	398.2 ± 19.1^b	<.0001**
SOD (U/mL)	51.1 ± 3.0^a	63.3 ± 1.5^b	.031*

^a,bValues in the same row that do not share the same superscript letter are significantly different.

*p< .05; **p< .0001.

BMI: body mass index; CC: calf circumference; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; HbA1c: glycated haemoglobin; HC: hip circumference; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MUAC: mid-upper arm circumference; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SOD: superoxide dismutase; TAC: total antioxidant capacity; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; WC: waist circumference.

Table 2. Correlations between dietary lycopene intake, glycaemic status and peripheral antioxidant capacity.

	Correlation with dietary lycopene intake (µg/d) T2DM (n = 87)		Correlation with dietary lycopene intake (µg/d) Control (n = 122)
	r	p	r	p
FPG (mmol/L)	−0.342	.008*	−0.112	.564
HbA1c (%)	−0.414	.004*	−0.087	.663
TAC (U/mL)	0.620	<.0001**	0.266	.149
GPx (U/L)	0.487	.002*	0.127	.233
SOD(U/mL)	0.573	<.0001**	0.098	.116

Data are presented as mean ± SD.

*p< .01, **p<.0001.

FPG: fasting plasma glucose; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; HbA1c: glycated haemoglobin; SOD: superoxide dismutase; TAC: total antioxidant capacity.

Table 3. Glycaemic status and peripheral antioxidant capacity among the T2DM patients by dietary lycopene quartiles.

			Lycopene intake (µg/d)
	F statistic	df	First (<1262.28)	Second (1262.28–2142.14)	Third (2142.15–3573.85)	Fourth (>3573.85)	p
					HbAlc (%)
Model 1	6.338	3	7.9 ± 0.5^a	7.6 ± 0.2^a	7.2 ± 0.3^b	6.7 ± 0.1^c	.001*
Model 2	6.017	3	8.0 ± 0.2^a	7.5 ± 0.1^b	7.0 ± 0.3^c	6.4 ± 0.3^d	<.0001**
					TAC (U/mL)
Model 1	49.873	3	10.2 ± 0.3^a	10.4 ± 0.2^a	12.7 ± 0.3^b	13.8 ± 0.3^c	<.0001**
Model 2	47.338	3	10.2 ± 0.2^a	11.0 ± 0.6^b	12.9 ± 0.6^c	14.1 ± 0.6^d	<.0001**
					GPx (U/L)
Model 1	11.204	3	337.3 ± 7.0^a	335.4 ± 6.4^a	356.7 ± 6.8^b	385.1 ± 7.0^c	<.0001**
Model 2	9.638	3	343.2 ± 6.8^a	347.9 ± 4.3^a	355.3 ± 3.2^b	377.1 ± 5.5^c	.001*
					SOD (U/mL)
Model 1	18.063	3	49.0 ± 0.6^a	49.4 ± 0.5^a	52.2 ± 0.6^b	54.1 ± 0.6^c	<.0001**
Model 2	15.556	3	47.9 ± 0.4^a	49.8 ± 0.2^b	53.1 ± 0.3^c	54.5 ± 0.4^d	<.0001**

Data are presented as mean ± SEM.

^a,b,cValues in the same row that do not share the same superscript letter are significantly different.

*p<.01, **p< .0001.

Model 1: No adjustment; Model 2: Adjusted for HDL-C and LDL-C.

GPx: glutathione peroxidase; HbA1c: glycated haemoglobin; SOD: superoxide dismutase; TAC: total antioxidant capacity.

Data availability statement

The data are not publicly available due to the confidential handling of our research materials. Some of the research data in this manuscript are part of an existing big project which is underway (Project title: Elucidation of the roles of lycopene for the improvement of cardiometabolic profiles and inflammatory status in Type II diabetes mellitus, project funded by the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia).