Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on routine immunization

Figures & data

Table 1. Initial disruption to routine immunization uptake in selected countries.

Region	Country	Period	Reduction in vaccine uptake^a
North America
	United States	Mid-March–mid-April 2020	MCV1 (50–80%) [49]
Europe
	United Kingdom	Mid-March–mid-April 2020	MMR (19.8%) [57]
	Spain	Mid-March–mid-April 2020	All routine infant vaccinations (8–20% relative decline) [59]
Latin America
	Brazil	March–April 2020	MMR (27%); DTP-HBV-/Hib (18%); polio (18%) [79]
Asia
	Pakistan	Mid-March–mid-May 2020	All routine childhood vaccinations (50% relative decline) [68]
	India	April 2020	Number of fully immunized infants (87% relative decline) [75]
	Singapore	January–April 2020	MMR (>25%); DTPa-HBV-IPV/Hib (10%); PCV (>10%) [65]
Africa
	Angola/Senegal	April–June 2020	DTP3 (>10%) [80]
	Burundi/Gabon/ Guinea/ Nigeria	April–June 2020	MCV1 (>10%); DTP3 (>10%) [80]

^aReduction compared with previous historic trends.

DTPa-HBV-IPV/Hib: combined diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-hepatitis B-inactivated poliovirus-Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine; DTP-HBV-/Hib: combined diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-hepatitis B-Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine; DTP3: diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis vaccine (dose 3); MCV1: measles-containing vaccine (dose 1); MMR: measles–mumps–rubella vaccine; PCV: pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.

Figure 1. Decision-making framework for implementation of mass vaccination campaigns: Decisions should follow a step-by-step sequence. Modified from WHO published guidance [44]. COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; HID: high impact disease; IPC: infection prevention and control; VPD: vaccine-preventable disease.

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