Risk factors and foetal growth restriction associated with expectant treatment of early-onset preeclampsia

Figures & data

Table 1. Maternal characteristics, clinical characteristics before expectant treatment.

Characteristics	$\overline{x}\pm s$ [n(%)]
Mean age (years)	29.64 ± 5.23
Mean BMI (kg/m²)	25.13 ± 3.93
Gravidity
1	21(29.2%)
2	27(37.5%)
≥3	24(33.4%)
Parity
0	37(51.4%)
1	31(43.1%)
2	4(5.6%)
Anti-hypertensive therapy before hospitalization
No	61(84.7%)
Yes	11(15.3%)
Past history
No	57(79.2%)
Hypertension	11(15.3%)
PCOS	4(5.6%)
Mean gestational age of delivery (weeks)	31.58 ± 1.95
Indications for termination of pregnancy
Oedema	4(5.6%)
Foetal distress	23(31.9%)
Uncontrolled hypertension	17(23.6%)
Organ dysfunction	18(25%)
FGR	4(5.6%)
HELLP syndrome	6(8.3%)
Mode of delivery
Odinopoeia	6(8.3%)
CS	66(91.7%)
Mean gestational age of IOS onset (weeks)	28.05 ± 2.65
Mean interval from IOS onset to delivery (days)	25.64 ± 15.6
IOS
Oedema	35(48.6%)
Hypertension	34(47.2%)
FGR	3(4.2%)
Mean gestational age of hypertension onset (weeks)	29.05 ± 2.86
Mean interval from hypertension onset to delivery (days)	18.58 ± 15.96
Mean gestational age of oedema onset (weeks)	28.73 ± 2.66
Mean interval from oedema onset to delivery (days)	21.73 ± 14.26
Mean gestational age of proteinuria onset (weeks)	29.56 ± 2.74
Mean interval from proteinuria onset to delivery (days)	14.93 ± 14.81
Mean expectant treatment time (days)	8.15 ± 7.51

BMI: body mass index; PCOS: polycystic ovary syndrome; FGR: foetal growth restriction; CS: caesarean section; IOS: initial-onset symptoms.

Table 2. Maternal blood pressure and laboratory parameters during expectant treatment.

Parameters	$\overline{x}\pm s$ [n(%)]
Mean SBP (mm/Hg)	156.62 ± 18.34
Mean DBP (mm/Hg)	103.89 ± 11.38
Mean Cr (µmol/L)	61.63 ± 16.45
Mean UA (µmol/L)	474.66 ± 94.98
Median of 24 h proteinuria (mg/24 h)	4667.44 ± 2300.29
Median of total protein (g/L)	50.14 ± 4.55
Median of albumin (g/L)	27.01 ± 3.39
Median of ALT (IU/L)	31.31 ± 31.71
Median of AST (IU/L)	33.17 ± 21.7
Median of platelet value (10^9/L)	175.78 ± 110.33
Mean BNP (pg/mL)	926.49 ± 1509.46

SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; Cr: creatinine; UA: uric acid; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide.

Table 3. Correlation analysis between the expectant treatment of 72 EP women and various parameters.

Parameters	rs	p
Maternal age (years)	−0.020	0.864
BMI (kg/m²)	0.033	0.782
Gravidity	0.029	0.357
Parity	0.081	0.055
Gestational age of delivery (weeks)	0.075	0.533
Gestational age of IOS onset (weeks)	−0.238	0.045
Interval from IOS onset to delivery (days)	0.349	0.003
Gestational age of hypertension onset (weeks)	−0.258	0.029
Interval from hypertension onset to delivery (days)	0.388	0.001
Gestational age of oedema onset (weeks)	−0.414	0.002
Interval from oedema onset to delivery (days)	0.581	0.000
Gestational age of proteinuria onset (weeks)	−0.216	0.071
Interval from proteinuria onset to delivery (days)	0.356	0.002
SBP (mm/Hg)	−0.098	0.413
DBP (mm/Hg)	−0.171	0.150
Cr (µmol/L)	−0.192	0.106
UA (µmol/L)	0.010	0.935
24 h proteinuria (mg/24 h)	0.002	0.986
Total protein (g/L)	0.148	0.215
Albumin (g/L)	0.200	0.092
ALT (IU/L)	0.010	0.937
AST (IU/L)	−0.116	0.330
Platelet value (10^9/L)	0.097	0.417
BNP (pg/mL)	−0.278	0.018

EP: early onset preeclampsia; BMI: body mass index; IOS: initial-onset symptoms; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; Cr: creatinine; UA: uric acid; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide.

Table 4. Multiple logistic regression analysis of the correlation among the expectant treatment of 72 EP women and various parameters based on Table 3.

Parameters	β	se	t	p	95% CI
Gestational age of IOS onset (weeks)	6.11	13.33	0.46	0.649	−20.76	32.99
Interval from IOS onset to delivery (days)	0.50	1.90	0.27	0.792	−3.32	4.33
Gestational age of hypertension onset (weeks)	1.69	6.61	0.26	0.800	−11.65	15.02
Interval from hypertension onset to delivery (days)	0.62	0.94	0.66	0.512	−1.28	2.52
Gestational age of oedema onset (weeks)	−7.98	11.32	−0.71	0.485	−30.82	14.85
Interval from oedema onset to delivery (days)	−0.69	1.62	−0.43	0.671	−3.95	2.57
Interval from proteinuria onset to delivery (days)	0.11	0.05	2.19	0.034	0.01	0.22
BNP (pg/mL)	0.00	0.00	−0.62	0.542	0.00	0.00

EP: early onset preeclampsia; IOS: initial-onset symptoms; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide.

Table 5. Univariate logistic analysis for the correlation between the expectant treatment and foetal growth restriction.

Parameter	β	Se	Wald χ^2	p	OR (95% CI)
Expectant treatment (days)	0.031	0.043	0.543	0.461	1.032 (0.949, 1.122)

Table 6. Neonatal outcomes of the EP patients.

Neonatal outcome
FGR (n, %)	56 (77.8%)
1 min APGAR score < 7 (n, %)	5 (6.9%)
1 min APGAR score < 4 (n, %)	2 (2.8%)
Neonatal death (n, %)	7 (9.7%)
Intrauterine demise (n, %)	0

EP: early onset preeclampsia; FGR: foetal growth restriction.

Data availability statement

The datasets analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.