Self-reported efficacy in patient-physician interaction in relation to anxiety, patient activation, and health-related quality of life among stroke survivors

Figures & data

Table 1. Baseline characteristics according to self-reported efficacy in patient-physician interaction.

Characteristics	PEPPI <45 (n = 37)	PEPPI ≥45 (n = 56)	p Value
Sociodemographic
Age, mean, years (SD)	64.1 (8.9)	65.3 (9.1)	0.52
Female sex (%)	14 (37.8)	26 (46.4)	0.52
Race – non-Hispanic White (%)	36 (97.3)	46 (82.1)	0.05
Married/Living as married (%)	23 (62.2)	41 (73.2)	0.36
College degree or higher (%)	25 (67.6)	38 (67.9)	0.98
Annual household income ≥75k $ (%)	16 (44.4)	29 (54.7)	0.39
Physiologic parameters
BMI, mean, kg/m^2 (SD)	29.2 (6.0)	33.4 (26.3)	0.26
Systolic BP, mean, mmHg (SD)	127.1 (15.0)	134.6 (17.2)	0.03
Diastolic BP, mean, mmHg (SD)	77.1 (8.2)	76.3 (8.7)	0.67
HR, mean, bpm (SD)	73.6 (12.6)	73.3 (15.2)	0.90
Past medical history (%)
Vascular disease	6 (16.2)	18 (32.1)	0.10
Cardiac arrhythmias	8 (21.6)	5 (8.9)	0.13
Valvular disease	4 (10.8)	6 (10.7)	0.98
Diabetes mellitus	5 (13.5)	19 (33.9)	0.03
COPD	5 (13.5)	5 (8.9)	0.51
Renal disease	3 (8.1)	6 (10.7)	1.00
Major bleeding event	3 (8.1)	3 (5.4)	0.68
Congestive heart failure	1 (2.7)	5 (8.9)	0.40
Essential hypertension	27 (73.0)	44 (78.6)	0.62
Obstructive sleep apnea	7 (18.9)	17 (30.4)	0.24
Prior myocardial infarction	5 (13.5)	21 (21.4)	0.42
Hyperlipidemia	29 (78.4)	50 (89.3)	0.24
Stroke history
Ischemic stroke	26 (70.3)	48 (85.7)	0.11
TIA	14 (37.8)	15 (26.8)	0.36
Residual neurologic deficits	12 (32.4)	17 (30.4)	0.87
Medication use (%)
Anticoagulants	4 (10.8)	7 (12.5)	1.00
Calcium channel blockers	6 (16.2)	12 (21.4)	0.61
Anti-arrhythmic medications	2 (5.4)	0 (0.0)	0.16
Beta blockers	12 (32.4)	28 (50.0)	0.13
Statins	33 (89.2)	52 (92.9)	0.71
Psychosocial characteristics (%)
Cognitive impairment	32 (86.5)	34 (60.7)	<0.01
Social isolation	33 (89.2)	49 (87.5)	1.00
Anxiety via GAD-7 score
None (0–4)	22 (61.1)	39 (69.6)	0.32
Mild (5–9)	10 (27.8)	12 (21.4)
Moderate (10–14)	2 (5.6)	5 (8.9)
Severe (15+)	2 (5.6)	0 (0.0)
Anxiety via GAD-7 score (%)	14 (38.9)	17 (30.4)	0.49
Technology engagement
Device ownership
Smartphone	33 (89.2)	46 (82.1)	0.39
Smartwatch	13 (35.1)	11 (19.6)	0.15
App use frequency
Daily	28 (80.0)	30 (60.0)	0.22
Never	0 (0.0)	4 (8.0)
Other	7 (20.0)	16 (32.0)

The significance of p-value is 0.05. 

Table 2. Anxiety, patient activation, and self-rated physical and mental health status in relation to efficacy in patient-physician interaction among smartwatch users.

	GAD score			CHAI score			SF-12 PCS			SF-12 MCS
PEPPI ≥45 (vs. PEPPI <45)	Unadjusted models
	Estimate	SE	p Value	Estimate	SE	p Value	Estimate	SE	p Value	Estimate	SE	p Value
	−0.98	0.66	0.19	12.8	2.3	<0.001	0.26	2.04	0.90	4.1	1.5	<0.01
	Adjusted models^a
	−0.61	0.82	0.46	12.0	2.41	<0.001	0.64	2.20	0.77	3.39	1.63	<0.05

^aAdjusted Variables: race, systolic BP, medical history of DM, and cognitive impairment.

PEPPI: Perceived Efficacy in Patient-Physician Interactions; CHAI: Consumer Health Activation Index; SF-12: Short Form Survey [PCS & MCS: Physical and Mental Health Component (assesses the impact of physical and mental health on an individual’s daily life)].

The significance of the p-value is <0.001.

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, [JM], upon reasonable request.