COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy between family decision-makers and non-decision-makers among college teachers

Figures & data

Table 1. Basic characteristics of college teachers: decision-makers versus non-decision-makers (n = 251).

Variables	Categories	All (n = 251)	Primary decision-makers (n = 178)	Non-decision-makers (n = 73)	χ2	P
Sex	Male	51 (20.3)	42 (23.6)	9 (12.3)	4.059	.044
	Female	200 (79.7)	136 (76.4)	64 (87.7)
Age (years)	Less than 40	173 (68.9)	120 (67.4)	53 (72.6)	0.65	.420
	40 and above	78 (31.1)	58 (32.6)	20 (27.4)
Education level	Undergraduate	81 (32.3)	60 (33.7)	21 (28.8)	0.578	.447
	Graduate	170 (67.7)	118 (66.3)	52 (71.2)
Total service time (years)					1.578	.209
	<10	122 (48.6)	82 (46.1)	40 (54.8)
	≥10	129 (51.4)	96 (53.9)	33 (45.2)
Profession					1.831	.400
	Physician teaching	56 (22.3)	43 (24.2)	13 (17.8)
	Nurse teaching	128 (51.0)	91 (51.1)	37 (50.7)
	Non-medical related teaching	67 (26.7)	44 (24.7)	23 (31.5)
Professional titles	Primary grade	50 (19.9)	33 (18.5)	17 (23.3)	0.732	.694
	Medium grade	122 (48.6)	88 (49.4)	34 (46.6)
	Associate professor or professor	79 (31.5)	57 (32.0)	22 (30.1)
Frequency of taking a cold (times/year)
	0-1	123 (49.0)	89 (50.0)	34 (46.6)	0.243	.622
	≥2	128 (51.0)	89 (50.0)	39 (53.4)
Do you suffer from chronic diseases?					0.421	.516
	Yes	14 (5.6)	11 (6.2)	3 (4.1)
	No	237 (94.4)	167 (93.8)	70 (95.9)
Allergic history					0.014	.906
	Yes	47 (18.7)	33 (18.5)	14 (19.2)
	No	204 (81.3)	145 (81.5)	59 (80.8)
History of influenza vaccination					0.003	.958
	Yes	59 (23.5)	42 (23.6)	17 (23.3)
	No	192 (76.5)	136 (76.4)	56 (76.7)
Risk perception of COVID-19	High	42 (16.7)	31 (17.4)	11 (15.1)	0.205	.651
	Low	209 (83.3)	147 (82.6)	62 (84.9)
Attention to COVID-19 vaccine information					5.373	.020
	Yes	111 (44.2)	87 (48.9)	24 (32.9)
	No	140 (55.8)	91 (51.1)	49 (67.1)
Know about the COVID-19 vaccine type					5.551	.018
	Yes	115 (45.8)	90 (5.6)	25 (34.2)
	No	136 (54.2)	88 (49.4)	48 (65.8)
Confidence in safety of the COVID-19 vaccines					.004	.950
	High	223 (88.8)	158 (88.8)	65 (89.0)
	Low	28 (11.2)	20 (11.2)	8 (11.0)
Confidence in effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines					2.563	.109
	High	189 (75.3)	139 (78.1)	50 (68.5)
	Low	62 (24.7)	39 (21.9)	23 (31.5)
How long do you think the protective effect will last after vaccination?					1.649	.438
	6 months	141 (56.2)	101 (56.7)	40 (54.8)
	12 months	74 (29.5)	49 (27.5)	25 (34.2)
	≥24 months	36 (14.3)	28 (15.7)	8 (11.0)
How many doses of the COVID-19 vaccine have you received so far?					6.458	.040
	0	14 (5.6)	6 (3.4)	8 (11.0)
	1	29 (11.6)	19 (10.7)	10 (13.7)
	2	208 (82.9)	153 (86.0)	55 (75.3)

Figure 1. Vaccine hesitancy among college teachers: decision-makers versus non-decision-makers.

Table 2. Univariate analysis of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among college teachers (n = 251).

Variables	Categories	All (n = 251)	No hesitancy (n = 145)	Hesitancy (n = 106)	χ2	P
Sex	Male	51 (2.3)	35 (24.1)	16 (15.1)	3.093	.079
	Female	200 (79.7)	110 (75.9)	90 (84.9)
Age (years)	23-39	173 (68.9)	102 (7.3)	71 (67.0)	.323	.570
	40-59	78 (31.1)	43 (29.7)	35 (33.0)
Education level	Undergraduate	81 (32.3)	54 (37.2)	27 (25.5)	3.881	.049
	Graduate	170 (67.7)	91 (62.8)	79 (74.5)
Profession					6.464	.039
	Physician teaching	56 (22.3)	37 (25.5)	19 (17.9)
	Nurse teaching	128 (51.0)	64 (44.1)	64 (6.4)
	Non-medical related teaching	67 (26.7)	44 (3.3)	23 (21.7)
Total service time (years)					.015	.903
	<10	122 (48.6)	70 (48.3)	52 (49.1)
	≥10	129 (51.4)	75 (51.7)	54 (5.9)
Professional titles	Primary grade	50 (19.9)	32 (22.1)	18 (17.0)	1.566	.457
	Medium grade	122 (48.6)	66 (45.5)	56 (52.8)
	Associate professor or professor	79 (31.5)	47 (32.4)	32 (3.2)
Frequency of taking a cold (times/year)					.247	.619
	0-1	123 (49.0)	73 (5.3)	50 (47.2)
	≥2	128 (51.0)	72 (49.7)	56 (52.8)
Do you suffer from chronic diseases?					1.351	.245
	Yes	14 (5.6)	6 (4.1)	8 (7.5)
	No	237 (94.4)	139 (95.9)	98 (92.5)
Allergic history					.002	.960
	Yes	47 (18.7)	27 (18.6)	20 (18.9)
	No	204 (81.3)	118 (81.4)	86 (81.1)
History of influenza vaccination					.772	.379
	Yes	59 (23.5)	37 (25.5)	22 (2.8)
	No	192 (76.5)	108 (74.5)	84 (79.2)
Risk perception of COVID-19
	High	42 (16.7)	26 (17.9)	16 (15.1)	.354	.552
	Low	209 (83.3)	119 (82.1)	90 (84.9)
Attention to COVID-19 vaccine information					1.574	.210
	Very	111 (44.2)	69 (47.6)	42 (39.6)
	Quite	140 (55.8)	76 (52.4)	64 (6.4)
Know about the COVID-19 vaccine type					7.344	.007
	Yes	115 (45.8)	77 (53.1)	38 (35.8)
	No	136 (54.2)	68 (46.9)	68 (64.2)
Confidence in safety of the COVID-19 vaccines					4.413	.036
	High	223 (88.8)	134 (92.4)	89 (84.0)
	Low	28 (11.2)	11 (7.6)	17 (16.0)
Confidence in effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines					4.080	.043
	High	189 (75.3)	116 (8.0)	73 (68.9)
	Low	62 (24.7)	29 (2.0)	33 (31.1)
How long do you think the protective effect will last after vaccination?					8.559	.014
	6 months	141 (56.2)	71 (49.0)	70 (66.0)
	12 months	74 (29.5)	47 (32.4)	27 (25.5)
	≥24 months	36 (14.3)	27 (18.6)	9 (8.5)
How many doses of the COVID-19 vaccine have you received so far?					18.97	<.001
	0	14 (5.6)	4 (2.8)	10 (9.4)
	1	29 (11.6)	8 (5.5)	21 (19.8)
	2	208 (82.9)	133 (91.7)	75 (7.8)
Are you the primary decision-maker in your family regarding the COVID-19 vaccine?					13.736	<.001
	Yes	178 (70.9)	116 (80.0)	62 (58.5)
	No	73 (29.1)	29 (20.0)	44 (41.5)

Table 3. Multiple logistic regression analysis of factors associated with teachers’ hesitancy to receive COVID-19 vaccine (n = 251).

Variables	Categories	p	OR (95%CI)
Sex	Male vs. female	.712	1.16 (0.53–2.53)
Age group (years)	40–59 vs. 23–39	.193	1.52 (0.81–2.84)
Education level	Graduate vs. undergraduate	.105	1.70 (0.90–3.23)
Profession	Non-medical related majors		1.00
	Physician training	.773	1.14 (0.47–2.73)
	Nurse training	.008	2.67 (1.29–5.49)
Know about the COVID-19 vaccine type	Yes vs. no	.097	0.61 (0.34–1.09)
Confidence in safety of the COVID-19 vaccines	High vs. low	.232	0.57 (0.23–1.43)
Confidence in effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines	High vs. low	.423	0.76 (0.39–1.48)
How long do you think the protective effect will last after vaccination?	6 months		1.00
	12 months	.149	0.62 (0.32–1.19)
	≥24 months	.183	0.54 (0.22–1.34)
How many doses of the COVID-19 vaccine have you received so far?	Vaccinated 2 doses		1.00
	Vaccinated 1 dose	.002	4.48 (1.76–11.42)
	Unvaccinated	.074	3.30 (0.89–12.24)
Are you the primary decision-maker in your family regarding the COVID-19 vaccine?	Yes vs. no	.003	0.37 (0.20–0.70)

Table 4. Estimates of teachers’ intention to accept COVID-19 vaccines.

First author	Study design	Study period	Study sample	Country	Prevalence
Chen Y, et al. [19]	Cross-sectional	June 2021	167 teachers	Taizhou, China	31.7%
Gkentzi D, et al. [23]	Cross-sectional	June to August 2020	399 teachers	Greece	38.1%
Racey CS, et al. [24]	Cross-sectional	August to November 2020	5076 teachers	Canada	89.7%
Shitu K, et al. [25]	School-based cross-sectional study	December 2020 to February 2021	301 school teachers, age range of 21 to 64 years	Northwest Ethiopia	40.8%
Zewude B, et al. [36]	institution-based cross-sectional study	March 2021	319 primary and secondary school teachers, bank employees, and university instructors	Southern Ethiopia	46.1%
Asmare Adella G. [37]	institution-based cross-sectional study	1 June 2021 to 30 July 2021	418 teachers	Southwest Ethiopia	79.7% had positive attitudes
La Vecchia C, et al. [38]	cross-sectional survey	16–28 September 2020	1055 individuals (546 women, 509 men) aged 15–85 years	Italy	51.6%
Amo-Adjei J, et al. [39]	Sequential mixed method design	April and May 2021	52 teachers	Ghana	73.1%
Dubik SD [40]	Cross-sectional	April to September 2021	421 teachers	Northern Ghana	49%, 63%, and 11% before rollout, after rollout, and actual uptake, respectively
Weinert S, et al. [41]	Cross-sectional	2 March and 30 April 2021	6753 teachers	Germany	77%
Duong TV, et al. [42]	Cross-sectional	23 June to 16 July 2021	387 School Principals	Taiwan, China	95.6%

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Data availability statement

The raw data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

The authors have no proprietary interest in any aspect of this study.

There was no additional financial support from public or private sources.