Dengue and zika seropositivity, burden, endemicity, and cocirculation antibodies in Nigeria

Figures & data

Figure 1. Dengue and Zika arboviral study sites in Nigeria.

Table 1. Signs and symptoms presented by Zika or dengue monoinfected patients.

	Mono-infection (% sign & symptoms)
Sign and Symptoms	Anti-Zika positive (N = 167)	Anti-dengue positive (N = 389)
Headaches	28.1% (47/167)	91.0% (354/389)
Exanthema	12.6% (21/167)	28.0% (109/389)
Fever	29.3% (49/167)	97.4% (379/389)
Abdominal pain	60.5% (101/167)	29.5% (115/389)
Diarrhoea	49.1% (82/167)	26.9% (105/389)
Myalgia	23.4% (39/167)	24.7% (96/389)
Vomiting	53.3% (89/167)	30.8% (120/389)
Generalised body pains	30.5% (51/167)	73.8% (287/389)
Arthralgia	26.9% (45/167)	46.0% (179/389)
Edema	35.3% (59/167)	0.0% (0/389)
Haemorrhagic manifestation	0.0% (0/167)	3.6% (14/389)
Retro-orbital pain	7.2% (12/167)	6.4% (25/389)
Nausea	3.0% (5/167)	3.1% (12/389)
Non-purulent conjunctivitis	1.2% (2/167)	1.3% (5/389)
Leuckopenia	50.9% (85/167)	30.8% (120/389)

Table 2. Sociodemographic characteristics and seropositivity of dengue, Zika and dengue-Zika cocirculation arboviral infection.

	Dengue virus						Zika virus						Dengue-Zika cocirculation
Region	Negative	Positive	Total Examined (n)	95%CI	OR	p-value	Negative	Positive	Total Examined (n)	95%CI	OR	p-value	Negative	Positive	Total Examined (n)	95%CI	OR	p-value
Southern Nigeria	94 (61.8%)	58 (38.2%)	152 (100%)	0.53–1.08	0.8	0.01	119 (78.3%)	33 (21.7%)	152 (100%)	0.76–1.78	1.2	0.40	139 (91.4%)	13 (8.6%)	152 (100%)	0.75–2.66	1.4	0.21
Northern Nigeria	189 (63.0%)	111 (37.0%)	300 (100%)	0.55–0.95	0.7		245 (81.7%)	55 (18.3%)	300 (100%)	0.67–1.32	1.0		287 (95.7%)	13 (4.3%)	300 (100%)	0.36–1.27	0.7
Central Nigeria	199 (47.5%)	220 (52.5%)	419 (100%)	1.08–1.73	1.4		340 (81.1%)	79 (18.9%)	419 (100%)	0.72–1.31	1.0		391 (93.3%)	28 (6.7%)	419 (100%)	0.67–1.73	1.1
Sex
Male	150 (59.5%)	102 (40.5%)	252 (100%)	0.63–1.12	0.8	0.20	200 (79.4%)	52 (20.6%)	252 (100%)	0.77–1.55	1.1	0.60	240 (93.2%)	12 (4.8%)	252 (100%)	0.39–1.43	0.8	0.65
Female	332 (53.6%)	287 (46.4%)	619 (100%)	0.87–1.31	1.1		504 (81.4%)	115 (18.6%)	619 (100%)	0.73–1.25	1.0		577 (93.2%)	42 (6.8%)	619 (100%)	0.72–1.67	1.1
Domicile
Urban	313 (61.7%)	194 (38.3%)	507 (100%)	0.61–0.96	0.8	0.02	412 (81.3%)	95 (18.7%)	507 (100%)	0.73–1.28	1.0	0.84	483 (95.3%)	24 (4.7%)	507 (100%)	0.45–1.23	0.8	0.11
Rural	122 (47.3%)	136 (52.7%)	258 (100%)	1.04–1.82	1.4		207 (80.2%)	51 (19.8%)	258 (100%)	0.73–1.47	1.0		239 (92.6%)	19 (7.4%)	258 (100%)	0.69–2.06	1.2
Slum	47 (44.3%)	59 (55.7%)	106 (100%)	1.03–2.33	1.6		85 (80.2%)	21 (19.8%)	106 (100%)	0.62–1.72	1.0		95 (89.6%)	11 (10.4%)	106 (100%)	0.88–3.46	1.7
Marital status
Married	351 (54.3%)	296 (45.7%)	647 (100%)	0.85–1.28	1.0	0.20	527 (81.5%)	120 (18.5%)	647 (100%)	0.73–1.27	1.0	0.42	620 (95.8%)	27 (4.2%)	647 (100%)	0.41–1.05	0.7	0.00
Single	126 (57.8%)	92 (42.2%)	218 (100%)	0.67–1.22	1.0		171 (78.4%)	47 (21.6%)	218 (100%)	0.80–1.66	1.2		192 (88.1%)	26 (11.9%)	218 (100%)	1.25–3.35	2.0
Divorced	5 (83.3%)	1 (16.7%)	6 (100%)	0.03–2.13	0.2		6 (100%)	0 (0%)	6 (100%)	0.02–5.77	0.3		5 (83.3%)	1 (16.7%)	6 (100%)	0.34–26.3	3.0
HIV status
HIV-positive  Pregnant	118 (42.9%)	157 (57.1%)	275 (100%)	1.25–2.16	1.7	0.00	217 (78.9%)	58 (21.1%)	275 (100%)	0.80–1.57	1.2	0.17	262 (95.3%)	13 (4.7%)	275 (100%)	0.40–1.39	0.8	0.00
HIV-positive  nonpregnant  participants	130 (58.0%)	94 (42.0%)	224 (100%)	0.66–1.20	0.9		199 (88.8%)	25 (11.2%)	224 (100%)	0.33–0.82	0.5		187 (83.5%)	37 (6.5%)	224 (100%)	1.91–4.68	3.0
HIV-negative  participants	234 (62.9%)	138 (37.1%)	372 (100%)	0.56–0.93	0.7		288 (77.4%)	84 (22.6%)	372 (100%)	0.91–1.65	1.3		368 (98.9%)	4 (1.1%)	372 (100%)	0.05–0.45	0.2
Malaria status
Malaria positive	344 (54.5%)	287 (45.5%)	631 (100%)	0.84–1.27	1.0	0.75	511 (81.0%)	120 (19.0%)	631 (100%)	0.76–1.28	1.0	0.88	597 (94.6%)	34 (5.4%)	631 (100%)	0.55–1.34	1.0	0.24
Malaria negative	136 (56.7%)	104 (43.3%)	240 (100%)	0.71–1.26	1.0		193 (80.4%)	47 (19.6%)	240 (100%)	0.71–1.47	1.0		220 (91.7%)	20 (8.3%)	240 (100%)	0.80–2.34	1.4
Blood product source
Outpatient serum	457 (60.1%)	304 (39.9%)	761 (100%)	0.67–1.00	0.9	0.00	663 (87.1%)	98 (13.9%)	761 (100%)	0.14–0.23	0.1	0.00	738 (97.0%)	23 (3.0%)	761 (100%)	0.02–0.06	0.0	0.00
Blood Bank serum	25 (22.7%)	85 (77.3%)	110 (100%)	2.64–6.71	4.2		41 (37.3%)	69 (62.7%)	110 (100%)	1.38–3.13	2.1		79 (71.8%)	31 (28.2%)	110 (100%)	0.31–0.75	0.5
Grand Total Examined (N)	482 (55.3%)	389 (44.7%)	871 (100%)	0.43–0.45			704 (80.8%)	167 (19.2%)	871 (100%)	0.18–0.20			817 (80.8%)	54 (6.2%)	871 (100%)	0.5–0.7

Table 3. Age-specific seropositivity of dengue, Zika and dengue-Zika cocirculation in the study population.

	Dengue virus					Zika Virus					DENVZIKV Cocirculation
Age group	Negative	Positive	Total Examined (n)	95%CI		Negative	Positive	Total Examined (n)	95%CI		Negative	Positive	Total Examined (n)	95%CI
0–9	1 (33.3%)	2 (66.7%)	3 (100%)	0.61–0.72	p = 0.04	3 (100%)	3 (0.0%)	3 (100%)	−5.7–5.7	p = 0.06	3 (100%)	0 (0.0%)	3 (100%)	−5.7–5.7	p = 0.01
10–19	34 (66.7%)	17 (33.3%)	51 (100%)	0.32–0.35		40 (78.4%)	11 (21.6%)	5 (100%)	0.10–0.32		50 (98.0%)	1 (2.0%)	51 (100%	0.73–3.46
20–29	120 (61.2%)	76 (38.8%)	196 (100%)	0.38–0.40		167 (85.2%)	29 (14.8%)	196 (100%)	0.14–0.16		188 (95.9%)	8 (4.1%)	196 (100%)	3.4–4.8
30–39	173 (54.6%)	144 (45.4%)	317 (100%)	0.45–0.46		253 (79.8%)	64 (20.2%)	317 (100%)	0.20–0.21		294 (92.7%)	23 (7.3%)	317 (100%)	6.8–7.9
40–49	81 (44.8%)	100 (55.2%)	181 (100%)	0.54–0.56		154 (85.1%)	27 (14.9%)	181 (100%)	0.14–0.16		167 (97.3%)	14 (7.7%)	181 (100%)	6.9–8.4
50–59	47 (57.3%)	35 (42.7%)	82 (100%)	0.42–0.44		55 (67.1%)	27 (32.9%)	82 (100%)	0.32–0.34		75 (91.5%)	7 (8.5%)	82 (100%)	7.4–9.6
60–69	15 (55.6%)	12 (44.4%)	27 (100%)	0.43–0.46		21 (77.8%)	6 (22.2%)	27 (100%)	0.20–0.24		27 (100%)	0 (0.0%)	27 (100%)	−1.9–1.9
70–79	6 (75.0%)	2 (25.0%)	8 (100%)	0.22–0.28		6 (75.0%)	2 (25.0%)	8 (100%)	0.22–0.28		8 (100%)	0 (0.0%)	89100%)	−1.0–1.0
80+	5 (83.3%)	1 (16.7%)	6 (100%)	12.7–20.7		5 (83.3%)	1 (16.7%)	6 (100%)	12.7–20.7		5 (83.3%)	1 (16.7%)	6 (100%)	12.7–20.7
Total	482 (55.3%)	389 (44.7%)	871 (100%)	0.41–0.47		704 (80.8%)	167 (19.2%)	871 (100%)	0.16–0.21		817 (93.8%)	54 (6.2%)	871 (100%)	0.6–0.7

Data availability of data and materials

All data are contained in the manuscript.