Prevalence and associated factors of overweight and obesity among persons with type 2 diabetes in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Figures & data

Figure 1. PRISMA flow chart.

Table 1. Characteristics of the included studies.

First author (year)	Country	Study design	Overweight/ obesity as primary focus	Sample size	Female sample	Mean age  ± SD	Mean T2DM duration ± SD	Mean BMI ± SD	Overweight prevalence	Obesity prevalence	Both overweight and obesity prevalence
[31] Sinamaw (2022)	Ethiopia	Cross-sectional	No	258	125	56.7 ± 12.7	6.6 ± 5.24	25.8 ± 4	NR	NR	48.4
[32] Bideberi (2022)	Tanzania	Cross-sectional	No	395	241	58.1 ± 10.3	10.2 ± 7.6	NR	44.8	33.9	78.7
[33] Ebrahim (2022)	Ethiopia	Comparative cross-sectional	No	120	56	38.75 ± 10.58	NR	NR	16.7	NR	NA
[20] Bizuayehu (2022)	Ethiopia	Cross-sectional	Yes	314	103	NR	NR	NR	36.3	18.8	55.1
[34] Seid (2022)	Ethiopia	Cross-sectional	No	322	147	52	NR	NR	37.6	11.5	49.1
[35] Abebe (2022)	Ethiopia	Prospective observational study (cross-sectional)	No	138	56	49.35 ± 11.58	6.21 ± 4.34	26.24 ± 3.22	36.2	21.7	57.9
[36] Abera (2022)	Ethiopia	Cross-sectional	No	325	186	54.0	9.0	NR	19.1	3.7	22.8
[37] Umelo (2022)	Nigeria	Cross-sectional	No	108	64	55.37 ± 11.10	9.37 ± 7.28	26.66 ± 4.23	35.2	21.3	56.5
[38] Junaid (2022)	Nigeria	Cross-sectional Comparative	No	96	48	66.73 ± 5.18	NR	NR	42.7	15.6	58.3
[39] Yusuf (2022)	Nigeria	Cross-sectional	No	274	194	60.0 ± 9.8	NR	NR	36.1	27.7	63.8
[40] Sebai (2022)	Tunisia	Cross-sectional	No	457	255	56.5 ± 9.2	8.62 ± 6.52	31.0 ± 7.2	NR	49.2	NA
[41] Kebede (2021)	Ethiopia	Cross-sectional	No	327	150	53 + 17	NR	26 + 3.8	56.0	18.0	74.0
[19] Abdissa (2021)	Ethiopia	Cross-sectional	Yes	334	152	51.42 ± 13.33	6.95 ± 5.37	NR	29.3	6.9	36.2
[42] Shigidi (2021)	Sudan	Case-control	No	736	316	58.5 ± 12.5	NR	NR	NR	5.6	NA
[43] Ibrahim (2021)	Nigeria	Retrospective cross-sectional	No	300	174	61.9 ± 11.8	NR	26.2 ± 4.9	34.0	18.0	52.0
[44] Yosef (2021)	Ethiopia	Cross-sectional	No	245	110	48.6 ± 14.9	NR	24.95 ± 3.99	35.1	19.8	54.9
[45] Omar (2021)	Eastern Sudan	Cross-sectional	No	350	205	NR	NR	25.9 (5.8)	36.6	22.9	59.5
[46] Regassa (2021)	Ethiopia	Retrospective Cohort study	No	458	200	NR	NR	NR	NR	13.32	NA
[47] Djonor (2021)	Ghana	Cross-sectional	No	271	194	56.6 ± 13.8	NR	28.64 ± 3.97	46.1	34.5	80.6
[48] Kotiso (2021)	Ethiopia	Case-control	No	386	198	NR	NR	NR	37.8	18.4	56.2
[49] Saasita (2021)	Uganda	Cross-sectional	No	206	147	NR	NR	NR	38.8	26.2	65.0
[50] Chetoui (2020)	Morocco	Cross-sectional	No	1456	1068	56.16/±11.76	8.63 ± 6.8	NR	42.1	26.9	69.0
[21] Tino (2020)	Uganda	Retrospective Chart review (cross-sectional)	Yes	1275	770	NR	NR	NR	36.0	27.0	63.0
[51] Otieno (2020)	Kenya	Cross-sectional	No	385	252	63.3	NR	26.7 (4.6)	40.0	22.3	62.3
[52] Zerga (2020)	Ethiopia	Cross-sectional	No	330	160	NR	NR	NR	26.4	11.2	37.6
[53] Munyogwa (2020)	Tanzania	Cross-sectional	No	330	189	40.27 ± 13.31	NR	NR	NR	93.3	NA
[54] Taderegew (2020)	Ethiopia	Cross-sectional	No	422	229	54.16 ± 10.61	6.2 ± 4.6	23.28 ± 3.64	18.5	13.3	31.8
[55] Haile (2020)	Ethiopia	Cross-sectional	No	248	129	49.6 ± 13.3	NR	26.5 ± 3.8	49.2	21.4	70.6
[56] Akalu (2020)	Ethiopia	Cross-sectional	No	280	108	61.2 ± 7.3	NR	NR	73.2	20.4	93.6
[57] Kouitcheu (2020)	Cameroon	Comparative Cross-sectional	No	93	61	54.70 ± 1.07	NR	26.25 ± 0.2741	NR	NR	77.4
[58] Achila (2020)	Eritrea	Descriptive cross-sectional	No	309	145	57.8 ± 11.5	12.1 ± 7.4	24.6 ± 4.4	35.0	9.4	44.4
[59] Abdissa (2020)	Ethiopia	Cross-sectional	No	366	163	50.1 ± 14.28	NR	NR	23.0	5.7	28.7
[60] Abdallah (2019)	Egypt	Comparative cross-sectional	No	100	44	NR	NR	NR	62.0	22.0	84.0
[61] Bello-Ovosi (2019)	Nigeria	Cross-sectional	No	322	161	53.5 ± 10.8	NR	27.8 ± 6.4	32.4	32.7	65.1
[62] Karau (2019)	Kenya	Cross-sectional	No	151	105	58.2 ± 12.2	9.2 ± 6.9	28.53	41.1	38.4	79.5
[63] Anioke (2019)	Nigeria	Cross-sectional	No	140	63	NR	NR	NR	55.0	35.7	90.7
[22] Kiros (2019)	Ethiopia	Cross-sectional	Yes	365	167	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	40.8 M 38.4 F 43.7
[64] Asamoah-Boaheng (2019)	Ghana	Retrospective review of medical records (cross-sectional)	No	15271	9569	M 60.6 ± 13.0 F 61.6 ± 13.1	NR	NR	27.6	14.6	42.7
[27] Gezawa (2019)	Nigeria	Cross-sectional	Yes	220	123	NR	NR	27.2 (6.4)	35.5	27.4	62.9
[65] Ekoru (2019)	Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria	Retrospective case control	No	2784	1698	56 ± 11	NR	NR	36.0	27.0	63.0
[66] Bekele (2019)	Ethiopia	Cross-sectional	No	374	198	56.3 ± 11.5	NR	NR	28.9	12.8	41.7
[67] Fekadu (2019)	Ethiopia	Cross-sectional	No	228	110	43 ± 12.4	NR	22.24 ± 5.12	33.2	6.3	39.5
[28] Kasimu (2019)	Nigeria	Retrospective review of medical records (cross-sectional)	Yes	182	116	53.2 ± 16.9	NR	30.8 ± 6.5	23.6	57.7	81.3
[30] Shiriyedeve (2019)	Botswana	Cross-sectional	No	170	112	51.0 ± 13.3	NR	NR	26.9	58.1	85
[68] Bouhajja (2018)	Tunisia	Cross-sectional	No	108	60	56.49 ± 10.19	NR	33.30	NR	51.9 M 37.5 F 63.3	NA
[69] Sarfo-Kantanka (2018)	Ghana	Cross-sectional	No	780	450	57.4 ± 9.4	9.8 ± 5.6	27.5	NR	33.6 M 27.9 F 37.8	NA
[70] Wolde (2018)	Ethiopia	Retrospective follow-up study (cross-sectional)	No	341	196	51.7 (SD ± 11.5)	NR	NR	28.7	13.2	41.9
[25] Balogun (2018)	Nigeria	Cross-sectional	Yes	709	378	51.9 ± 13.9	NR	26.6 ± 5.2	23.1	35.7	58.8
[71] Birkinshaw (2018)	South Africa	Cross-sectional	No	50	26	57.9	7.0	NR	22.0	66.0	88.0
[23] Damian (2017)	Tanzania	Cross-sectional	Yes	227	154	56 (±11.9)	NR	NR	44.9	40.1	85.0
[72] Gudjinu (2017)	Ghana	Unmatched case control	No	48	27	NR	NR	NR	33.3	33.3	66.6
[73] Otieno (2017)	Kenya	Descriptive cross-sectional	No	220	131	57.1 ± 8.6	NR	NR	36.8	24.5	61.3
[74] Ojieabu (2017)	Nigeria	Retrospective study of case file (cross-sectional)	No	167	103	63.9 ± 9.6	NR	NR	32.3	22.2	54.5
[18] Ali (2017)	Sudan	Descriptive cross-sectional	Yes	1337	773	NR	NR	NR	39.9	24.5	64.4
[75] Mwanri (2017)	Tanzania	Cross-sectional	No	119	91	57.7 ± 12.8	NR	26.0 ± 4.3	42.9	15.1	58.0
[76] Goie (2016)	South Africa	Descriptive cross-sectional	No	280	201	59 ± 9.28	NR	NR	25.0	66.0	91.0
[77] Habtewold (2016)	Ethiopia	Cross-sectional	No	264	140	55.9 ± 10.9	NR	NR	37.1	12.9	50.0
[29] Mogre (2016)	Ghana	Cross-sectional	Yes	378	246	47.3 ± 12.73	5.0 ± 3.5	26.8 ± 5.7	38.6	20.1	58.7
[78] Belkacemia (2016)	Algeria	Cross-sectional	No	180	107	62.56 ± 8.1	5.0	27.15	42.8	18.3	61.1
[79] Adebola (2016)	Nigeria	Comparative cross-sectional	No	97	53	58.9 ± 14.95	7.6 ± 6.4	NR	27.8	52.6	80.4
[80] Diaf (2015)	Algeria	Cross-sectional	No	238	152	57.36 ± 11.93	6.8 ± 3.7	27.89 ± 4.58	38.6	31.5	70.1
[24] Adeniyi (2015)	South Africa	Cross-sectional	Yes	327	230	NR	NR	NR	31.8	60.2	92.0
[81] Camara (2015)	Cameroon Guinea	Cross-sectional	No	1267	775	58.4 ± 10.5	7.6 ± 6.3	27.4 ± 5.8	NR	NR	64.5
[82] Nadge (2014)	Kenya	Cross-sectional	No	218	122	56.6 ± 9.3	10.7 ± 6.6	NR	61.0	18.0	79.0
[83] Kamuhabwa (2014)	Tanzania	Cross-sectional	No	469	298	54.94 ± 11.93	7.19 ± 6.04	27.06 ± 5.34	32.5	26.9	59.4
[84] Mogre (2014)	Ghana	Cross-sectional	No	200	154	56.2 ± 12.13	5.23 ± 5.00	23.86 ± 4.64	NR	NR	32.0
[85] Brenyah (2013)	Ghana	Cross-sectional	No	350	251	54.9 ± 11.0	5.8 ± 4.8	25.5 ± 4.4	40.5	14.7	55.2
[86] Okafor (2012)	Nigeria	Cross-sectional survey	No	233	135	55.7 ± 11.7	6.7 ± 6.3	27.0 ± 6.2	NR	NR	60.1
[87] Berraho (2012)	Morocco	Cross-sectional	No	525	361	NR	NR	NR	42.7	31.2	73.9
[88] Danquah (2012)	Ghana	Case-control	No	675	504	54.7 ± 13.4	NR	25.9 ± 5.1	53.0	19.0	72.0
[89] Acquah (2011)	Ghana	Cross-sectional	No	79	57	M 60.00 ± 9.12 F 55.63 ± 12.28	NR	M 24.46 ± 3.51 F 30.00 ± 6.87	NR	NR	43.0
[90] Baba (2010)	Nigeria	Cross-sectional	No	75	45	M 58.3 ± 10.3 F 57.2 ± 9.4	NR	26.0 ± 5.1	36.0	16.0	52.0
[91] Elnasri (2008)	Sudan	Cross-sectional	No	250	155	52.0 ± 13	NR	28.7 ± 6.4	29.6	25.6	55.2
[92] Alshkri (2008)	Libya	Cross-sectional pilot study	No	99	61	56.0 ± 9.5	9.4 ± 7.8	33.6 ± 5.6	NR	74.4	NA
[93] Ajayi (2010)	Nigeria	Retrospective review of medical records (cross sectional)	No	308	183	60.90 ± 11.60	NR	25.47 ± 4.55	36.5	12.2	48.7
[94] Choukem (2007)	Cameroon	Cross-sectional	No	191	98	59.7 ± 9.4	6.2 ± 0.4	25.4 ± 5.4	NR	NR	48.5
[95] Akande (2007)	Nigeria	Cross-sectional	No	121	77	57.3 ± 10	NR	NR	38.9	25.6	64.5
[26] Fasanmade (2007)	Nigeria	Cross sectional	Yes	258	135	NR	NR	M 25.6 F 27.1	39.9	18.6	58.5
[96] Adediran (2007)	Nigeria	Cross-sectional	No	113	70	M 62.1 ± 12.2 F 60 ± 11.5	M 3.71 ± 2.3 F 3.92 ± 3.6	M 26 ± 6.1 F 27.32 ± 5.7	28.3	20.4	48.7
[97] Mkuyana (2004)	Zimbabwe	Cross-sectional	No	109	77	55.0 ± 9	M 4.2 ± 4.0 F 5.3 + 4.5	M 25.7 ± 4.6 F 28.2 ± 6.2	NR	32.0	NA

SD: Standard deviation; BMI: Body Mass Index; NR: not reported; NA: Not available; M: Male; F: Female.

Figure 2. Forest plot of the pooled prevalence of overweight among type 2 diabetes patients in Africa.

Figure 3. Forest plot of the pooled prevalence of obesity among type 2 diabetes patients in Africa.

Figure 4. Forest plot of the pooled prevalence of both overweight and obesity among type 2 diabetes patients in Africa.

Table 2. Summary of the factors associated with overweight and obesity among T2DM patients in Africa.

N studies	Author	Factors	Significant responds	Adjusted results OR (95% CI)
		Sociodemographic
3	[21] Tino [20] Bizuayehu [24] Adeniyi	Gender	Male Female Female	0.45 (0.340–0.593) 3.0 (1.6–5.7) 2.5 (1.5–4.3)
2	[19] Abdissa [22] Kiros	Place of residence	Urban Urban	1.8 (1–3) 3.4 (1.26–9.4)
2	[19] Abdissa [21] Tino	Economic status	AMI ≥58.9 USD Middle income Upper income	3.4 (1.8–6.7) 1.83 (1.320–2.550) 2.10 (1.452–2.994)
1	[24] Adeniyi	Employment	Unemployed	2.3 (1.2–4.5)
1	[21] Tino	Age	65+	0.52 (0.353 to 0.770)
1	[24] Adeniyi	Education	Secondary Tertiary	3.7 (1.8–7.6) 6.2 (1.7–23.2)
1	[19] Abdissa	Family history of overweight or obesity	Positive family history	1.9 (1.1–3.4)
		Behavioral
1	[24] Adeniyi	Smoking	Yes	3.5 (1.4–8.9)
1	[22] Kiros	Alcohol intake	Yes	2.9 (1.5–5.5)
2	[19] Abdissa [22] Kiros	Physical activity/exercise	Inactive Inactive	2.1 (1.2–3.5) 4 (1.19–13.8)
1	[29] Mogre	Attempt to lose weight through exercise	Yes	2.4 (1.2–4.9)
1	[29] Mogre	Weight management plan	Yes	3.1 (1.6–6.2)
1	[22] Kiros [21] Tino	Diet	Poor dietary intake Rare intake of fruits and vegetables	8 (4.02–15.5) 0.66 (0.475–0.921)
1	[29] Mogre	Counselling for weight reduction	Yes	3.8 (1.9–7.6)
		Clinical
1	[21] Tino	T2DM treatment	Dual therapy	2.17 (1.024–4.604)
1	[29] Mogre [22] Kiros	T2DM duration	≥5 years 3–6 years	0.5 (0.3–0.9) 2.8 (1, 7.85)
1	[20] Bizuayehu	Triglycerides	≥200 mg/dl	3.6 (1.6–8.3)
	[19] Abdissa [21] Tino	T2DM comorbidity/complication	Hypertension Hypertension Peripheral neuropathy	2.4 (1.4–4) 1.70 (1.264–2.293) 1.40 (1.039–1.834)
2	[22] Kiros [29] Mogre	Abdominal/central obesity	Present Present	3.4 (1.64, 6.91) 5.6 (3.3–9.6)

N: Number of studies; AMI: Average monthly income; USD: United States Dollar.

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Data availability statement

All data for this review can be accessed in this manuscript and its supplementary files.