Distinct lipid profile in haemolytic anaemia-related gallstones compared with the general gallstone

Figures & data

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of cases (n = 76) and controls (n = 152).

Characteristics	Cases (n = 76)	Controls (n = 152)	p Value
Age of gallstone onset	39 ± 20	41 ± 15	0.340
Sex, female	39 (51%)	73 (48%)	0.675
Comorbidities
Hypertension	14	32	0.728
Diabetes	7	15	1.000
Blood counts
Haemoglobin (g/L)	84 ± 23	145 ± 17	<0.001
Reticulocyte (%)	11.7 ± 7.5	NA	NA
Neutrophils, ×10^9/L	4.13 ± 1.74	4.07 ± 1.60	0.786
Platelets, ×10^9/L	203 ± 71	240 ± 57	<0.001
Liver biochemical tests
TBIL (μmol/L)	81.04 ± 52.95	14.10 ± 5.48	<0.001
DBIL (μmol/L)	12.69 ± 6.28	4.32 ± 1.75	<0.001
GGT (U/L)	26.22 ± 16.73	43.56 ± 43.25	0.001
LDH (U/L)	260.5 ± 116.1	170.8 ± 31.5	<0.001
ALP (U/L)	82.54 ± 57.76	78.42 ± 27.18	0.139
AST (U/L)	24.92 ± 18.87	26.61 ± 22.92	0.439
BUN (mmol/L)	8.71 ± 27.40	4.80 ± 1.28	0.214
UA (μmol/L)	378.2 ± 114.7	361.5 ± 86.9	0.347
ALT (U/L)	21.57 ± 21.14	30.98 ± 32.17	<0.001
SCR (μmol/L)	62.52 ± 21.35	72.51 ± 15.08	0.001
Lipid profiles
TC (mmol/L)	3.02 ± 0.98	4.59 ± 0.91	<0.001
TG (mmol/L)	1.26 ± 0.65	1.64 ± 1.28	0.318
HDL (mmol/L)	0.89 ± 0.30	1.18 ± 0.24	<0.001
LDL (mmol/L)	1.58 ± 0.70	2.72 ± 0.83	<0.001
Gallstones
Location			0.105
gallbladder	61 (80%)	135 (89%)
biliary tract or both	15 (20%)	17 (11%)
Number
One	12 (16%)	108 (71%)	<0.001
Multiple	59 (78%)	44 (29%)
NA	5 (7%)	0 (0%)
Maximal (cm)	1.2 ± 0.6	1.5 ± 1.0	0.120

ALP: alkaline phosphatase; ALT: alanine transaminase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: body mass index; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; DBIL: direct bilirubin; GGT: γ-glutamyl transferase; HDL: high density lipoprotein; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; LDL: low density lipoprotein; NA: not available; SCR: serum creatinine; TBIL: total bilirubin; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; UA: uric acid.

Table 2. Characteristics related to anaemia of the case cohort (n = 76).

Characteristics	Number
Hospital stays (days)	16 ± 13
Hemoglobinopathies
HS	44 (58%)
AIHA	22 (29%)
Thalassemia	8 (11%)
CAD	2 (3%)
Severity of anaemia
Normal	3 (4%)
Mild	27 (36%)
Moderate	35 (46%)
Severe	11 (14%)
Onset of anaemia onset	27 ± 21
Splenomegaly	50 (66%)
Blood counts
Haemoglobin (g/L)	84 ± 23
Reticulocyte (%)	11.7 ± 7.5
Neutrophils (×10^9/L)	4.13 ± 1.74
Platelets (×10^9/L)	203 ± 71
Detection after anaemia of gallstones (years)	12 ± 12

AIHA: auto immune haemolytic anaemia; CAD: cold agglutinin disease; HS: hereditary spherocytosis.

Table 3. Comparison between HS and AIHA.

Features	HS (n = 44)	AIHA (n = 22)	p Value
Sex, female	19	17	0.010
Age at admission (years)	33 ± 18	53 ± 17	<0.001
Admission (days)	17 ± 12	20 ± 14	0.316
Blood counts
Haemoglobin (g/L)	92 ± 19	65 ± 22	<0.001
Reticulocyte (%)	11.4 ± 5.9	13.3 ± 10.0	0.423
Platelets (×10^9/L)	202 ± 76	201 ± 73	0.949
Neutrophils (×10^9/L)	3.99 ± 1.47	4.55 ± 2.13	0.271
Liver biochemical tests
TBIL (μmol/L)	103.3 ± 48.9	56.8 ± 47.22	<0.001
DBIL (μmol/L)	14.1 ± 6.9	10.9 ± 4.0	0.020
GGT (U/L)	24 ± 18	31 ± 14	0.129
LDH (U/L)	236 ± 62	325 ± 165	0.025
ALP (U/L)	81 ± 52	71 ± 27	0.333
AST (U/L)	24 ± 21	28 ± 18	0.441
BUN (mmol/L)	5.13 ± 2.10	17.57 ± 49.82	0.255
UA (μmol/L)	400 ± 116	346 ± 124	0.113
ALT (U/L)	18 ± 16	29 ± 30	0.111
SCR (μmol/L)	59 ± 18	68 ± 29	0.182
Lipid profiles
TC (mmol/L)	2.65 ± 0.78	3.71 ± 1.07	0.002
TG (mmol/L)	1.16 ± 0.44	1.53 ± 0.98	0.164
HDL (mmol/L)	0.84 ± 0.30	0.93 ± 0.30	0.353
LDL (mmol/L)	1.30 ± 0.51	2.10 ± 0.82	0.002
Gallstones
Detection after anaemia (years)	14 ± 13	8 ± 8	0.056
Location			0.573
Gallbladder	35	20
Biliary tract	3	0
Both	6	2
Number			1.000
One	5	3
Multiple	35	18
NA	4	1
Maximal (cm)	1.1 ± 0.4	1.1 ± 0.4	0.852

AIHA: auto immune haemolytic anaemia; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; ALT: alanine transaminase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: body mass index; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; CAD: cold agglutinin disease; DBIL: direct bilirubin; GGT: γ-glutamyl transferase; HDL: high density lipoprotein; HS: hereditary spherocytosis; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; LDL: low density lipoprotein; NA: not available; SCR: serum creatinine; TBIL: total bilirubin; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; UA: uric acid.

Data availability statement

The data underlying this article will be shared on reasonable request to the corresponding author.