Association of beta-2-microglobulin, cystatin C and lipocalin-2 with stroke risk in the general Chinese population

Figures & data

Figure 1. Serum biomarkers levels in different stroke risk groups. B2M, beta-2-microglobulin; LCN-2, lipocalin 2.

Table 1. Clinical characteristics of participants in the three stroke risk groups.

	Stroke risk groups
	Low-risk	Middle-risk	High-risk	p
N	663	143	254
Age, years	43.6 ± 10.0	51.4 ± 9.7	46.3 ± 9.8	<.001
Men	238 (35.9)	64 (44.8)	183 (72.0)	<.001
BMI, kg/m^2	22.6 ± 3.0	23.7 ± 3.0	26.4 ± 3.9	<.001
SBP, mmHg^a	112.3 ± 11.9	134.4 ± 14.2	129.2 ± 18.1	<.001
DBP, mmHg^a	74.5 ± 7.9	87.8 ± 8.7	85.5 ± 11.2	<.001
Smoking	57 (8.6)	7 (4.9)	86 (33.9)	<.001
Physical activity	323 (48.7)	100 (69.9)	70 (27.6)	<.001
Alcohol consumption	23 (3.5)	7 (4.9)	44 (17.3)	<.001
Hypercholesterolaemia	183 (27.6)	36 (25.2)	168 (66.1)	<.001
Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L	4.42 ± 0.48	5.27 ± 1.95	4.95 ± 1.55	<.001
B2M, mg/L	2.28 ± 0.50	2.52 ± 0.56	2.53 ± 0.71	<.001
Cystatin C, mg/L	0.54 ± 0.11	0.60 ± 0.13	0.62 ± 0.14	<.001
LCN-2, mg/L	0.17 ± 0.11	0.19 ± 0.14	0.21 ± 0.13	<.001

Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (percent).

BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; B2M: beta-2-microglobulin; LCN-2: lipocalin 2.

^a70 subjects taking anti-hypertensive medication were excluded from the analysis.

Table 2. Levels of B2M, cystatin C and LCN-2 among different strata of stroke risk factors.

	B2M, mg/L		Cystatin C, mg/L		LCN-2, mg/L
	Mean ± SD	p	Mean ± SD	p	Mean ± SD	p
Age		<.001		<.001		.183
18–39	2.12 ± 0.44		0.51 ± 0.11		0.17 ± 0.09
40–59	2.44 ± 0.55		0.58 ± 0.12		0.19 ± 0.13
>60	2.89 ± 0.78		0.67 ± 0.12		0.18 ± 0.11
Sex		<.001		<.001		<.001
Men	2.51 ± 0.60		0.63 ± 0.12		0.21 ± 0.13
Women	2.25 ± 0.53		0.52 ± 0.10		0.16 ± 0.10
Overweight/obesity		.002		<.001		.019
No	2.33 ± 0.58		0.56 ± 0.12		0.18 ± 0.11
Yes	2.45 ± 0.54		0.59 ± 0.12		0.19 ± 0.13
Hypertension		<.001		<.001		<.001
No	2.30 ± 0.52		0.55 ± 0.11		0.17 ± 0.11
Yes	2.62 ± 0.59		0.53 ± 0.15		0.21 ± 0.15
Smoking		<.001		<.001		<.001
No	2.34 ± 0.57		0.56 ± 0.12		0.18 ± 0.12
Yes	2.57 ± 0.56		0.65 ± 0.10		0.22 ± 0.12
Physical activity		.075		.020		.657
Inactive	2.34 ± 0.59		0.56 ± 0.13		0.18 ± 0.12
Active	2.40 ± 0.56		0.58 ± 0.12		0.18 ± 0.12
Alcohol consumption		.030		<.001		.007
No	2.36 ± 0.57		0.56 ± 0.13		0.18 ± 0.12
Yes	2.51 ± 0.57		0.63 ± 0.10		0.22 ± 0.14
Hypercholesterolaemia		.034		<.001		.449
No	2.34 ± 0.55		0.56 ± 0.12		0.18 ± 0.12
Yes	2.42 ± 0.61		0.59 ± 0.13		0.19 ± 0.12
Diabetes		<.001		.107		.094
No	2.36 ± 0.55		0.57 ± 0.12		0.18 ± 0.11
Yes	2.67 ± 0.98		0.60 ± 0.15		0.21 ± 0.19

B2M: beta-2-microglobulin; LCN-2: lipocalin 2.

Table 3. The association of renal biomarkers with stroke risk in participants.

Stratum	Unadjusted β	95% CI	p	Adjusted β^a	95%CI	p
B2M
Overall	0.726	0.506–0.947	<.001	0.595	0.337–0.809	<.001
Men	0.289	0.001–0.576	.049	0.254	−0.066–0.542	.095
Women	0.928	0.569–1.287	<.001	0.445	0.046–0.845	.046
Cystatin C
Overall	4.205	3.180–5.230	<.001	3.718	2.561–4.745	<.001
Men	1.872	0.465–3.278	.009	1.739	0.208–3.159	.019
Women	4.029	2.252–5.806	<.001	0.744	−1.480–2.968	.512
log-transformed LCN-2
Overall	0.561	0.335–0.786	<.001	0.564	0.323–0.779	<.001
Men	0.399	0.087–0.711	.012	0.394	0.068–0.694	.013
Women	0.292	−0.061–0.646	.105	0.315	−0.050–0.681	.091

^aAdjusted for age.

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.