Nomogram for predicting gallbladder stone in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective study in the Chinese population

Figures & data

Table 1. Comparison of general conditions and biochemical indexes between the two groups.

	Non-GBS group	GBS group
Index	(n = 2031)	(n = 212)	t(χ^2)	p
Age (years)	54.94 ± 13.56	60.51 ± 13.06	–5.87	<0.05
<35	202(9.95%)	6(2.83%)	24.05	<0.05
35-–60	1000(49.24%)	93(43.87%)
>60	829(40.82%)	113(53.30%)
Sex(male%)	1297 (63.86%)	128 (60.38%)	0.60	0.77
BMI (kg/m^2)	25.76 ± 3.88	26.03 ± 3.67	–0.99	0.32
<24	725(35.70%)	58(27.36%)	7.81	<0.05
24 -28	808(39.78%)	92(43.40%)
≥28	498(24.52%)	62(29.25%)
Diabetes duration(years)	9.03 ± 8.00	11.66 ± 7.31	–4.71	<0.05
SBP (mmHg)	132.00 ± 17.77	134.87 ± 16.71	–2.30	<0.05
DBP (mmHg)	79.11 ± 11.08	80.04 ± 10.56	–1.19	0.23
AST(U/L)	23.29 ± 8.84	27.67 ± 17.52	–2.42	<0.05
ALT(U/L)	23.29 ± 16.27	27.67 ± 25.98	–2.41	<0.05
GGT(U/L)	32.60 ± 24.08	39.30 ± 40.44	–2.12	<0.05
ALP(U/L)	45.76 ± 14.43	50.65 ± 10.98	–1.16	0.31
TBIL (umol/L)	17.62 ± 6.14	20.43 ± 8.54	–0.98	0.32
DBIL (umol/L)	4.92 ± 0.87	4.65 ± 1.02	0.43	0.65
TBA (umol/L)	4.31 ± 1.32	4.43 ± 1.09	–0.78	0.54
TC (mmol/L)	4.37 ± 1.19	4.40 ± 1.14	–0.32	0.75
>5.5(%)	417(20.53%)	62(29.25%)	6.74	<0.05
TG (mmol/L)	2.10 ± 1.75	1.94 ± 1.20	1.28	0.20
>1.7(%)	768(37.81%)	120(56.60%)	22.66	<0.05
LDL-C(mmol/L)	2.58 ± 0.91	2.54 ± 0.96	0.59	0.56
HDL-C(mmol/L)	1.01 ± 0.31	1.00 ± 0.25	0.31	0.75
UA (umol/L)	344.93 ± 96.98	335.85 ± 90.03	1.27	0.20
eGFR(mL/min/1.73 m^2)	97.45 ± 20.79	91.68 ± 20.01	3.78	<0.05
HbA1c (%)	8.78 ± 2.05	8.88 ± 1.83	–0.66	0.51
FBG (mmol/L)	9.05 ± 3.62	9.36 ± 3.42	–1.18	0.24
PBG (mmol/L)	12.60 ± 4.52	13.17 ± 4.40	–1.70	0.09
Complications
DN (%)	623(30.67%)	83(39.15%)	4.07	<0.05
DPN (%)	634(31.22%)	144(67.92%)	99.91	<0.05
DR (%)	456(22.45%)	48(22.64%)	0.10	0.76
Medications
Metformin	1684(82.91%)	169(79.72%)	–1.21	0.30
Sulfonylureas	732(36.04%)	82(38.68%)	1.43	0.29
Thiazolidinediones	12(0.06%)	5(0.02%)	–1.89	0.11
Incretin mimetics	1089(53.62%)	119(56.13%)	0.87	0.45
Insulin	1331(65.53%)	119(56.13%)	–1.31	0.38
Statins	710(34.96%)	82(38.68%)	1.02	0.44

BMI is for body mass index, SBP is systolic blood pressure, DBP is for diastolic blood pressure, FBG is for fasting blood glucose, PBG is for postprandial blood glucose, HbA1c is for glycated hemoglobin, eGFR is for glomerular filtration rates, UA is for uric acid, UACR is for urinary albuminuria creatinine ratio, TC is for total cholesterol, TG is for triglycerides, LDL-C is for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C is for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, AST is for aspartate aminotransferase, ALT is for alanine aminotransferase, GGT is for gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, ALP is for alkaline phosphatase, TBIL is for total bilirubin, DBIL is for direct bilirubin, TBA is for total bile acid, DN is for diabetic nephropathy, DPN is for diabetic peripheral neuropathy, DR is for diabetic retinopathy.

Figure 1. Forest map of GBS risk factors of patients with T2DM.

Figure 2. Nomogram for GBS in patients with T2DM. Instructions: Each individual’s GBS risk for patients with T2DM was estimated by plotting each variable axis. A verticle line was drawn from that value to the top points scale to determine the number of points assigned by that variable value. Then, the points from each variable value were summed. The sum on the total points scale was located and vertically projected onto the bottom axis, and then a personalized risk for GBS was obtained.

Figure 3. ROC curves for the accuracy of the GBS nomogram in patients with T2DM.The AUC of the nomogram for GBS was 0.704 (95% CI 0.656, 0.748), with a specificity of 90.34%, a sensitivity of 55.38%, and an accuracy of 86.83%, respectively.

Data availability

The datasets generated during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.