Figures & data
Figure 1. Generation and effects of intracellular ROS/RNS: Superoxide (O2⋅−) and nitric oxide (NO·) generated from various intracellular sources are identified by oval‐shaped boxes. Those two radicals can be converted into various other ROS/RNS by mutually interactive pathways as described in the text. Depending on type, combination, amplitude, and duration of those radicals the respective signals are finally integrated into an output‐like preconditioning effect (physiological) or apoptosis (pathological).
Figure 2. Activation of Ref‐1 by thioredoxin: schematic presentation of interconversion of thioredoxin systems in conjunction with the activation of Ref‐1, followed by that of AP‐1, NFκB and p53.
