Phosphodiesterase genes and antidepressant treatment response: A review

Figures & data

Figure 1.  Structure of the phosphodiesterase (PDE) superfamily.

Table I.  Effects of antidepressant treatment on phosphodiesterases (PDEs) in rodent brain.

Study	Treatment	Duration	PDEs	Methods	Tissues	Results
Suda 40	ECS, IMI	2 or 21 days	4A, 4B,	ISH,	FC	↑ gene expression (4B)
			4C, 4D	Northern blot, rolipram assay		↑ enzyme activity
Takahashi 41	SERT, FLX, DMI, TCP, ECS	1, 7, or 14 days	4A, 4B, 4D	ISH,	FC, NAc, Hippo	↑ gene and protein expression (4A,4B) in FC and in NAc (4B)
				Northern blot, Western blot		↔ in Hippo
Ye 42	DMI, PHEN, TRZ, FLX	14 days	4A5, 4A1	Western blot	Hippo, cortex	↑ protein expression in Hippo after DMI, PHEN, FLX
						↑ protein expression in Cortex only after DMI
Miro 43	FLX	1 or 14 days	4A, 4B, 4D, 4D1, 4D2, 4D3, 4D4, 4D5	ISH		↑ DG, hilus, cer; ↓ cortex (4A)
						subiculum, m.g.n.; ↓ C/P, inferior olive, cer, pineal, cc (4B)
						↑ subiculum, m.h.n., m.g.n., pontine, area postrema (4D)
						↓ cortex, DG, hilus, dorsal m.g.n., p.b.n. (4D1)
						↔ (4D2)
						↓ anterior cingulate cortex; ↑ dorsal m.g.n. (4D3)
						↑ cortex; ↓ pontine, vestibular, and cer n (4D4)
						↓ DG and mhn; ↑ mgn, pontine n, area postrema
D'Sa 44	FLX, ECS	14 or 21 days	4A1, 4A8, 4A5, 4A10	ISH	Cortex, Hippo	Chronic FLX:
						↑ in Frontal and parietal cortices (4A1) and DG (4A10)
						↔ (4A8, 4A5)
Cho 45	ECS	10 days	1–5, 7	PCR	Hippo Striatum	↑ 1A/B; 2; 4A,B,D AND ↑7
						↑ 1A/B; 2; 4A,B,D and ↑3A
Dlagoba 46	DES, FLX	14 days	4D3, 4B1/3, 4B2, 4B4, 4A5, 4A1	Western blot	Hippo, cortex		Hippo		Cortex
							DMI	FLX	DMI	FLX
						4D3	↔	↑	↑	↑
						4B1/3	↓	↓	↔	↔
						4B2	↓	↓	↔	↔
						4B4	↓	↓	↔	↔
						4A5	↑	↑	↑	↑
						4A1	↑	↔	↔	↑
Fujita 47	IMI	20 or 27 days	4A1, 4A5/, 4A10, 4B2, 4B3, 4B1, 4D1/2, 4D3, 4D5, 4D4	PET, rolipram assay, Western blot	FC, Hippo, dien-cephalon	↔ for any PDE4 gene or protein expression trend towards ↑ (PDE4A1)

cc=corpus callosum; Cer=cerebellum; c/p=caudate/putamen; DG=dentate gyrus; DMI=desipramine; ECS=electroconvulsive shock; FC=frontal cortex; FLX=fluoxetine; Hippo=hippocampus; IMI=imipramine; ISH=in situ hybridization; mgn=medial geniculate nucleus; mhn=medial habenular nuclei; n=nuclei; NAc=nucleus accumbens; pbn=parabigeminal nucleus; PET=positron emission tomography; PHEN=phenelzine; SERT=sertraline; TCP=tranylcypromine; TRZ=trazodone.

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