Increased aortic pulse and fractional pulse pressures in patients with cardiac syndrome X

Figures & data

Table I. Baseline demographic, laboratory, and hemodynamic characteristics.

	Control group (n = 76)	Cardiac syndrome X group (n = 126)	p
Age (years)	53.1±11.2	53.1±9.5	0.99
Male sex, n (%)	30 (39)	48 (38)	0.85
Hypertension, n (%)	32 (42)	62 (49)	0.33
Diabetes mellitus, n (%)	4 (5)	18 (14)	0.046
Smoking habit, n (%)	14 (18)	25 (20)	0.80
Family history of CAD, n (%)	26 (34)	43 (34)	0.99
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	28.0±4.0	29.3±5.3	0.055
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl)	103±24	106±39	0.47
Cholesterol (mg/dl)
Total	193±36	193±43	0.94
LDL	117±31	120±37	0.55
Triglycerides (mg/dl)	143±66	138±63	0.58
Heart rate (beats/min)	75±7	75±6	0.33
Aortic pressures (mmHg)
Systolic	118±15	128±20	<0.001
Diastolic	76±9	77±11	0.46
Mean	90±10	94±13	0.02
Pulse	43±9	51±13	<0.001
Fractional pulse pressure	0.47±0.08	0.54±0.11	<0.001

Values are mean±SD or number and percentages of patients. CAD, coronary artery disease; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein.

Table II. OR of cardiac syndrome X according to aortic pulse and fractional pulse pressures.

	n	The blood pressure data (mmHg)			Cardiac syndrome X (%)	OR (95% CI)
		Systolic	Diastolic	Mean		Crude	Multiple‐adjusted^a
Pulse pressure
Tertile 1 (30–40)	100	112±9	74±8	86±8	42 (42)	1.00	1.00
Tertile 2 (41–50)	60	126±11	76±11	93±11	47 (78)	4.99 (2.40–10.37)	6.72 (2.76–16.37)
Tertile 3 (51–100)	42	149±17	82±12	105±13	37 (88)	10.20 (3.70–28.12)	29.94 (5.59–160.44)
p for trend						<0.001	<0.001
Continuous, per 10						6.00 (1.22–29.45)	20.47 (1.38–304.57)
Fractional pulse pressure
Lower (0.30–0.50)	101				46 (46)	1.00	1.00
Higher (0.51–1.00)	101				80 (79)	4.55 (2.45–8.47)	4.09 (2.05–8.15)
p for trend						<0.001	<0.001

^aAdjusted for age, sex, body mass index, the presence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking habit, family history of coronary artery disease, serum levels of total, LDL‐cholesterols and triglycerides. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Figure 1. The prevalence of hypertension and tertiles of aortic pulse pressure.