From treatment to organ damage; A 5‐year follow‐up study of ambulatory blood pressure in essential hypertension. Diversity between development of left ventricular hypertrophy and urinary albumin excretion

Figures & data

Table I. Demographic characteristics, blood pressures (BP), night‐time fall in BP, white coat effect (WCE) and heart rate at baseline and at 5‐year follow‐up in hypertensive subjects (n = 46).

	Baseline (m/f = 34/12)	Follow‐up (m/f = 34/12)	p‐value baseline vs 5 years
Age (years)	47.6±9.3	53.1±8.6	p<0.001
BMI (kg/m^2)	26.7±3.4	26.8±3.3	ns
Current smokers, %	24	22	ns
Creatinine clearance* (ml/min)	104.1±22.2	101.8±21.2	ns
ACR (mg/mmol)	1.3 (0.9–1.8)	0.2 (0.2–0.4)	p<0.001
Office SBP (mmHg)	160.1±13.1	142.7±16.9	p<0.001
Office DBP (mmHg)	104.9±6.1	91.7±8.3	p<0.001
ABPM SBP (mmHg)
24‐h	139.9±14.4	133.8±13.9	p = 0.008
Daytime	147.3±14.7	139.5±14.2	p = 0.002
Night‐time	127.8±15.6	124.5±15.1	ns
DBP (mmHg)
24‐h	93.1±7.4	84.3±7.5	p<0.001
Daytime	98.0±7.0	87.6±7.9	p<0.001
Night‐time	85.0±9.6	78.9±8.4	p<0.001
PP (mmHg)
24‐h	47.9±12.1	49.6±10.4	ns
Daytime	49.8±10.0	51.2±11.0	ns
Night‐time	43.4±9.3	45.7±10.8	ns
Night‐time fall SBP (%)	13.2±5.9	10.7±6.0	p = 0.01
Night‐time fall DBP (%)	13.3±6.9	9.8±6.8	p = 0.004
WCEconv SBP (mmHg)	13.1±12.1	2.9±19.1	p<0.001
WCEconv DBP (mmHg)	7.0±6.6	4.0±9.8	ns
WCEamb SBP (mmHg)	3.4±10.5	−1.5±14.3	ns
WCEamb DBP (mmHg)	4.1±6.5	1.2±10.9	ns
Heart rate (beats/min)
24‐h	72.9±7.5	71.1±9.1	ns
Daytime	76.9±8.2	74.5±10.0	ns
Night‐time	66.3±7.4	64.6±9.4	ns

Data are expressed as means±SD, except for albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR), which is given as median and Q₁−Q_3. m/f, males/females; BMI, body mass index; ACR, albumin/creatinine ratio. *Assessed by Cockroft & Gault's formula. SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; ABPM, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; PP, pulse pressure; WCE _amb, white coat effect ambulatory measured; WCE_conv, white coat effect conventionally measured; ns, not significant.

Figure 1 Flowchart of the study population.

Figure 2 Distribution(%) of subjects with essential hypertension (n = 46) grouped by albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) at baseline (filled bars) and at 5‐year follow‐up (open bars).

Table II. Associations between (a) left ventricular mass (LVM) assessed by Cornell voltage QRS duration product and blood pressure (BP), and (b) the change in LVM and the change in BP during 5‐year follow‐up, (n = 46).

(a)	LVM at baseline	LVM at follow‐up
	r	p	r	p
24‐h SBP	0.43	0.004	0.09	ns
24‐h DBP	0.36	0.016	0.01	ns
Daytime SBP	0.44	0.003	0.1	ns
Daytime DBP	0.37	0.014	0.02	ns
Night‐time SBP	0.36	0.016	0.08	ns
Night‐time DBP	0.28	ns	0.001	ns
(b)	ΔLVM
	r	p
Δ24‐h SBP	0.43	0.004
Δ24‐h DBP	0.37	0.014
ΔDaytime SBP	0.41	0.005
ΔDaytime DBP	0.37	0.013
ΔNight‐time SBP	0.39	0.009
ΔNight‐time DBP	0.26	ns
SI SBP	−0.39	0.011
SI DBP	−0.36	0.017

r, correlation coefficient; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SI, smoothness index.

Figure 3 Boxplots of left ventricular mass(LVM) assessed by Cornell voltage QRS duration product in hypertensive subjects with and without left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) assessed by echocardiography at 5‐year follow‐up. Data are given both at baseline (open boxes) and at 5‐year follow‐up (hatched boxes).