Sleep quality among relatively younger patients with initial diagnosis of hypertension: Dippers versus non‐dippers

Figures & data

Table I. Flow chart of study population.

•  102 consecutive patients with the initial diagnosis of hypertension, considered for the study by primary physicians

•  Patients with valvular heart disease (both mitral stenosis, 1 had primary insomnia problem) n = 2, night‐time workers n = 6, patients with irregular sleep due to work n = 4, patients with history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease n = 5 (2 of them had BMI>30 kg/m^2), habitual snorers n = 3, patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation n = 4, patients with heart failure (ischemic) n = 2, pregnancy n = 1 were excluded according to study protocol

•  Remaining n = 75 was referred for the study

•  Evaluation by the chest physician for sleep apnea/hypopnea

•  Remaining n = 75

•  PSQI was performed on all patients

•  Remaining n = 75

•  ABPM was performed on all patients

•  Excluded due to presence of white coat hypertension n = 2, Remaining n = 73

•  42 patients with non‐dipper, 31 patients with dipper hypertension

Table II. Comparison of non‐dippers versus dippers.

	Non‐dippers (n = 42)	Dippers (n = 31)	p
Age (years)	47.5±11.9	48.5±12.8	0.723
Sex (male/female)	24/18	21/10	0.498
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	22.66±2.31	23.23±2.30	0.306
Daytime systolic BP (mmHg)	141±12	143±13	0.344
Daytime diastolic BP (mmHg)	87±12	90±9	0.238
Night‐time systolic BP (mmHg)	136±15	123±12	<0.001
Night‐time diastolic BP (mmHg)	84±12	76±9	0.004
Average systolic BP (mmHg)	140±12	141±12	0.683
Average diastolic BP (mmHg)	87±12	88±8	0.692
Percent dipping in systolic BP	1.4±5.9	14.3±4.6	<0.001
Percent dipping in diastolic BP	2.3±7.4	16.1±6.5	<0.001
Total PSQI score	6.76±3.11	5.16±2.92	0.029
Mean heart rate during recording (beats/min)	71.5±6	69.8±8.5	0.334
Sleep quality (S1)	1.24±0.76	0.87±0.72	0.040
Sleep latency (S2)	1.17±1.01	1.06±1.03	0.673
Sleep duration (S3)	0.81±0.80	0.84±0.78	0.877
Sleep efficiency (S4)	1.00±0.94	0.52±0.81	0.024
Sleep disturbance (S5)	1.26±0.63	0.81±0.65	0.004
Use of sleep medication (S6)	0.33±0.79	0.16±0.45	0.243
Day time dysfunction (S7)	0.95±1.06	0.90±1.22	0.855

BP, blood pressure; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.