Association of increased arterial stiffness and inflammation with proteinuria and left ventricular hypertrophy in non‐diabetic hypertensive patients

Figures & data

Table I. Correlation of stiffness index with clinical characteristics.

Clinical characteristics	Data (mean±SD)	r	p‐value
Age (years)	41±8	0.180	0.010
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	139±17	0.120	0.088
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	90±11	0.208	0.003
Mean blood pressure (mm Hg)	106±12	0.118	0.009
Pulse pressure (mmHg)	50±11	−0.037	0.599
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	28.1±23.9	0.029	0.677
Glucose (mg/dl)	99±20	−0.016	0.817
Cholesterol (mg/dl)	201±36	0.003	0.963
Low‐density lipoprotein (mg/dl)	127±30	0.034	0.631
High‐density lipoprotein (mg/dl)	45±12	−0.205	0.003
Triglyceride (mg/dl)	174±115	0.062	0.375
High‐sensitivity CRP mg/dl)	0.24±0.39	0.166	0.017
24‐h total urinary protein (mg)	88±313	0.172	0.014

r, Pearson's correlation coefficient; CRP, C‐reactive protein.

Table II. Comparison between patients with and without left ventricular hypertrophy.

Clinical characteristics	LVH+ (n = 35)	LVH− (n = 170)	p‐value
SI (m/s)	8.03±1.74	7.19±1.19	0.001
hsCRP (mg/dl)	0.41±0.77	0.20±0.24	0.003
Age (years)	42±7	41±8	0.234
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	25.4±2.9	28.6±26.2	0.476
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	143±19	139±16	0.155
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	91±13	89±11	0.308
Glucose (mg/dl)	96±14	99±21	0.482
Cholesterol (mg/dl)	194±35	203±36	0.220
Low‐density lipoprotein (mg/dl)	126±30	127±30	0.773
High‐density lipoprotein (mg/dl)	45±10	45±12	0.783
Triglyceride (mg/dl)	144±85	181±120	0.088
Male sex (%)	26 (74.3)	113 (66.5)	0.368
Smoking (%)	9 (25.7)	36 (21.2)	0.555
Hyperlipidemia (%)	10 (28.6)	71 (41.8)	0.146
AB‐using (%)	1 (2.9)	5 (2.9)	1.000
BB‐using (%)	19 (54.3)	71 (41.8)	0.174
ACEI‐using (%)	3 (8.6)	16 (9.4)	1.000
ARB‐using (%)	10 (28.6)	50 (29.4)	0.921
Diuretics‐using (%)	4 (11.4)	16 (9.4)	0.745
CCB‐using (%)	22 (62.9)	87 (51.2)	0.207

Data was expressed as mean±SD or number (%). Student's t‐test was used for continuous variables and Pearson's chi‐square or Fisher's exact test was used for categorical variables. LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; SI, stiffness index; hsCRP, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein; AB, alpha‐blocker; BB, beta‐blocker; ACEI, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB, calcium‐channel blocker.

Table III. Multiple logistic regression analysis for factors associated with organ damage.

Factors	Odd ratio (95%CI)	p‐value
SI (1 m/s increment)	1.51 (1.11–2.06)	0.008
High‐sensitivity CRP (1.00 mg/dl increment)	3.36 (1.30–8.72)	0.013
Mean blood pressure (1 mmHg increment)	1.04 (1.00–1.07)	0.043
Age	1.02 (0.97–1.08)	0.452

SI, stiffness index; CRP, C‐reactive protein.

Figure 1 Stiffness index(SI) was stepwise increased in patients without left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH−), with left ventricular hypertrophy but no proteinuria (LVH+, proteinuria−), and with both left ventricular hypertrophy and proteinuria (LVH+, proteinuria+) (p<0.001 by one‐way analysis of variance).

Figure 2 High‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP) was stepwise increased in patients without left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH−), with left ventricular hypertrophy but no proteinuria (LVH+, proteinuria−), and with both left ventricular hypertrophy and proteinuria (LVH+, proteinuria+) (p<0.001 by one‐way analysis of variance).