High-normal blood pressure is associated with visit-to-visit blood pressure variability in the US adults

Figures & data

Figure 1. Adjusted means of VVSBPV and VVDBPV of high-normal and normal blood pressure groups.

Table 1. The relationship between blood pressure status and blood pressure variability (unadjusted analysis).

	Visit-to-visit systolic blood pressure variability (mmHg) N = 6071		Visit-to-visit diastolic blood pressure variability (mmHg) N = 6071
	Mean (SE)	Difference (SE)	Mean (SE)	Difference (SE)
Hypertension status
Normal (n = 3999)	5.49 (0.10)	Reference	5.10 (0.012)	Reference
High-normal blood Pressure (n = 2072)	6.60 (0.22)	1.11 (0.21)**	5.61 (0.14)	0.51 (0.18)**
Age (year)	^†5.66 (0.10)	^a0.05 (6×10^−3)**	†5.16 (0.11)	^a−0.01 (0.01)
Sex
Male (n = 2875)	5.72 (0.12)	Reference	5.34 (0.13)	Reference
Female (n = 3196)	7.00 (0.13)	1.28 (0.18)*	5.18 (0.13)	0.24 (0.13)*
Race
White (n = 4122)	5.84 (0.11)	Reference	5.16 (0.12)	Reference
Black (n = 1694)	5.70 (0.15)	−0.18 (0.16)	5.91 (0.13)	0.75 (0.14)**
Hispanics (n = 255)	6.82 (0.40)	−0.33 (0.45)	5.47 (0.40)	0.31 (0.41)
Smoking
Not current (n = 4058)	5.76 (0.11)	Reference	5.04 (0.11)	Reference
Current (n = 2013)	6.99 (0.18)	0.24 (0.10)*	5.64 (0.16)	0.60 (0.20)**
Impaired blood glucose (mg/dl)
No (n = 4867)	5.65 (0.09)	Reference	5.22 (0.11)	Reference
Yes (n = 1204)	6.74 (0.27)	1.09 (0.27)**	5.46 (0.24)	0.24 (0.22)
High triglycerides (mg/dl)
No (n = 4707)	5.68 (0.08)	Reference	5.27 (0.13)	Reference
Yes (n = 1364)	6.38 (0.25)	0.70 (0.22)**	5.21 (0.21)	−0.5 (0.25)
Low high density lipoprotein (md/dl)
No (n = 3927)	5.74 (0.11)	Reference	5.31 (0.13)	Reference
Yes (n = 2144)	6.02 (0.21)	0.28 (0.18)	5.21 (0.11)	−0.10 (0.14)
Large waist circumference (cm)
No (n = 4183)	5.61 (0.09)	Reference	5.29 (0.12)	Reference
Yes (n = 1888)	6.46 (0.24)	0.85 (0.09)**	5.17 (0.18)	0.12 (0.17)
Number of metabolic cardiovascular risk factors	‡5.83 (0.09)	^b0.40 (0.07)**	‡5.26 (0.11)	^b−0.03 (0.10)

SE = standard error *p < 0.05 **p < 0.01 normotensive group: SBP < =120 mmHg, DBP < = 80 mmHg; High-normal blood pressure group: SBP >120–139 mmHg, DBP >80 < = 89 mmHg cardiovascular risk factors (low HDL <40 mg/dl for men and <50 mg/dl for women; high triglycerides, triglycerides >150 mg/dl; impaired blood glucose, fasting blood glucose >100 mg dl; large waist circumference >102 cm for men and >88 cm for women). Current smokers (cotinine levels >3 ng/ml), non-current smoker serum cotinine < = 3 ng/ml) †Mean visit-to-visit systolic and diastolic blood pressure variability of study participants aged 37.16 years (mean age).

^aAnnual change in visit-to-visit systolic and diastolic blood pressure variability ‡Mean visit-to-visit systolic and diastolic blood pressure variability of participants who had one cardiovascular risk factor.

^bChange in visit-to-visit systolic and diastolic blood pressure variability per one risk factor.

Table 2. The relationship between blood pressure status and blood pressure variability (adjusted analysis).

	Outcome
	Systolic blood pressure variability (mmHg) N = 6071 B (SE)	Diastolic blood pressure variability (mmHg) N = 6071 B (SE)
Hypertension status
Normal (n = 3999)	Reference	Reference
High-normal blood pressure  (n = 2072)	0.55 (0.17)**	0.52 (0.18)**
Age (year)	^a0.04 (4×10^−3)**	^a0.01 (4×10^−3)**
Gender
Male (n = 2875)	Reference	Reference
Female (n = 3196)	0.35 (0.14)**	0.05 (0.17)
Race
White (n = 4122)	Reference	Reference
Black (n = 1694)	0.04 (0.15)	0.71 (0.15)**
Hispanics (n = 255)	0.34 (0.17)**	0.31 (0.34)
Smoking
Not current (n = 4058)	Reference	Reference
Current (n = 2013)	0.20 (0.20)	0.56 (0.18)*
Number of metabolic  cardiovascular risk	^b0.11 (0.02)**	^b0.05 (0.06)

B = Beta coefficient, SE = standard error *p < 0.05 **p < 0.01 normotensive group: SBP < =120 mmHg, DBP < = 80 mmHg; High-normal blood pressure group: SBP >120–139 mmHg, DBP >80 < = 89 mmHg cardiovascular risk factors (low HDL <40 mg/dl for men and <50 mg/dl for women; high triglycerides, triglycerides >150 mg/dl; impaired blood glucose, fasting blood glucose >100 mg dl; large waist circumference >102 cm for men and >88 cm for women). Current smokers (cotinine levels >3 ng/ml), non-current smoker serum cotinine < = 3 ng/ml).

^aAnnual increase in visit-to-visit systolic and diastolic blood pressure variability.

^bVisit-to-visit systolic and diastolic blood pressure variability per one cardiovascular risk factor.