Determinants of carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity progression in hypertensive patients over a 3.7 years follow-up

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographic, haemodinamic and clinical data of enrolled subject.

	All			Male			Female
	Baseline	Follow-up	p	Baseline	Follow-up	p	Baseline	Follow-up	p	p (M vs F at Baseline)	p (M vs F at Follow-up)
Number	333	333	–	189	189		144	144
Age (years)	54.5 ± 12.6	58.3 ± 12.5	<.001	53.4 ± 12.4	57.3 ± 12.1	<.001	55.8 ± 12.8	59.7 ± 12.9	<.001	0.08	.09
Male (%)	56.7	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Current smoker (%)	39.3	40.2	.68	51.8	52.9	.75	22.9	23.6	.78	<0.001	<.001
SBP (mmHg)	141.3 ± 18.6	131.6 ± 17.8	<.001	141.6 ± 18.4	132.4 ± 16.5	<.001	141.1 ± 19.1	130.6 ± 19.4	<.001	0.79	.36
DBP (mmHg)	86.4 ± 10.4	78.6 ± 11.1	<.001	86.9 ± 10.6	79.9 ± 11.1	<.001	85.7 ± 10.2	76.8 ± 10.9	<.001	0.29	.009
Heart Rate (bpm)	65.5 ± 10.6	75.4 ± 11.5	<.001	65.3 ± 11.4	75.3 ± 11.6	<.001	65.7 ± 10.3	75.5 ± 11.5	<.001	0.72	.85
BMI (Kg/m^2)	27.1 ± 4.1	27.3 ± 4.0	.08	27.6 ± 3.5	27.7 ± 3.4	.21	26.4 ± 4.6	26.6 ± 3.4	.24	0.01	.01
Anti-hypertension drugs (%)	82.2	94.2	<.001	81.5	95.2	<.001	83.3	93.1	.004	0.66	.40
Number of anti-hypertensive drugs (n)	2 (1–4)	3 (2–4)	<.001	3 (1–4)	3 (2–4)	<.001	2 (1-3)	3 (2-4)	<.001	0.07	.13
Ace-Inhibitors (%)	33.3	38.4	.06	36.5	45.5	.02	29.2	29.2	1.00	0.16	.002
Angiotensin-Receptos Blockers (%)	61.3	79.0	<.001	66.7	83.6	<.001	54.2	73.0	<.001	0.02	.02
Calcium channel blockers (%)	32.1	35.1	.21	38.1	41.8	.24	24.3	26.4	.58	0.007	.004
B-blockers (%)	25.0	28.8	.06	20.6	21.7	.64	31.3	38.2	.03	0.03	.001
Alpha-blocjers (%)	13.2	14.7	.42	11.6	14.3	.28	15.3	15.3	1.00	0.33	.80
Diuretics (%)	32.1	39.0	.01	33.3	39.2	.12	30.6	38.9	.03	0.59	.36
Abetes mellitus (%)	8.2	10.3	.13	9.6	14.3	.01	4.9	6.2	.48	0.27	.01
PWV (m/s)	8.56 ± 1.92	9.36 ± 2.16	<.001	8.74 ± 2.60	9.33 ± 3.06	<.001	8.36 ± 2.20	9.21 ± 3.01	<.001	0.08	.58
ΔPWV (m/s)	− 0.87 ± 3.05	–	–	0.75 ± 3.08	–	–	1.02 ± 3.02	–	–	0.42

Data are shown as means ± standard deviation or percentage or median (interquartile range).

SBP: Systolic Blood Pressure; DBP: Diastolic Blood Pressure; BMI: Body Mass Index; PWV: Pulse Wave Velocity.

Figure 1. ΔPWV in age decades group.

Table 2. Blood Pressure and PWV data of enrolled subject when divided accordingly to age decades at baseline.

	30–40	41–50	51–60	61–70	>71	p
Number	36	77	94	81	36	–
PWV (m/s)	7.92 ± 2.35	7.92 ± 1.84	8.56 ± 2.25	9.28 ± 2.62	9.6 ± 3.44	<.05
ΔPWV (m/s)	−0.5 ± 3.1	0.6 ± 2.2	0.6 ± 2.6	1.8 ± 4.1	1.4 ± 3.1	<.05
SBP (mmHg)	132.5 ± 13.1	137.4 ± 17.2	141.8 ± 18.3	146.2 ± 21.3	146.3 ± 20.6	<.05
DBP (mmHg)	88.3 ± 10.4	87.2 ± 11.5	87.4 ± 11.1	85.3 ± 9.7	80.4 ± 10.1	<.05
PP (mmHg)	48.1 ± 10.2	52.2 ± 10.5	58.6 ± 12.4	65.3 ± 15.6	74.1 ± 17.2	<.05

Data are shown as means ± standard deviation.

PWV: Pulse Wave Velocity; SBP: Systolic Blood Pressure; DBP: Diastolic Blood Pressure; PP: Pulse Pressure.

Table 3. Demographic, haemodinamic, clinical and laboratory data of enrolled subject when divided accordingly to controlled of uncontrolled blood pressure values at follow-up evaluation.

	Controlled BP values at follow-up	Uncontrolled BP values at follow-up	p
Number	214	119	–
Age (years)	54.1 ± 12.1	55.3 ± 12.2	,36
Male (%)	54.2	61.3	.21
Current smokers (%)	41.1	36.1	.37
SBP (mmHg)	137.7 ± 16.9	147.7 ± 17.9	<.001
DBP (mmHg)	84.9 ± 10.1	89.2 ± 10.6	<.001
ΔSBP (mmHg)	−15.8 ± 18.1	1.2 ± 19.5	<.001
ΔDBP (mmHg)	−11.2 ± 11.7	−1.8 ± 13.1	<.001
BMI (kg/m^2)	27.8 ± 3.8	26.7 ± 4.1	.01
Antyhypertensive drugs at baseline (%)	85.1	77.3	.07
Antyhypertensive drugs at follow-up (%)	95.3	92.1	.28
Number of anti-hypertensive drugs at baseline (n)	2 (1–3)	3 (1–4)	.38
Number of anti-hypertensive drugs at follow-up (n)	3 (2–4)	3 (2–4)	.62
Ace-Inhibitors (%)	34.6	31.1	.52
Angiotensin-Receptos blockers (%)	62.6	58.8	.50
Calcium channel blockers (%)	30.8	34.5	.50
B-blockers (%)	22.9	29.4	.19
Alpha-blockers (%)	11.7	16.0	.27
Diuretics (%)	28.5	38.7	.06
Serum creatinine (micromol/L)	80.4 ± 16.8	81.3 ± 15.0	.65
Microalbuminuria (mg/dL)	22.4 ± 80.2	19.3 ± 65.3	.17
Total ch. (mmol/L)	5.1 ± 0.8	5.2 ± 0.9	.58
LDL ch. (mmol/L)	3.1 ± 0.8	3.2 ± 0.8	.24
HDL ch. (mmol/L)	1.4 ± 0.3	1.2 ± 0.3	<.001
Glucose (mmol/L)	4.8 ± 1.1	5.1 ± 1.2	.17
PWV (m/s)	8.32 ± 2.34	9.04 ± 2.54	.03
ΔPWV (m/s)	0.62 ± 2.61	1.46 ± 3.67	.02

Data are shown as means ± standard deviation or percentage. SBP: Systolic Blood Pressure; DBP: Diastolic Blood Pressure; BMI: Body Mass Index; LDL: Low Density Lipoprotein; HDL: High Density Lipoprotein; PWV: Pulse Wave Velocity.

Figure 2. ΔPWV of enrolled subject when divided accordingly to controlled or uncontrolled blood pressure values at follow-up evaluation.

Figure 3. Correlation between ΔPWV and ΔSBP (panel A) and ΔMBP (panel B).