Effect modification of hypertension on the association of vitamin D deficiency with severity of coronary stenosis

Figures & data

Table 1. Base characteristics of study patients according to tertile of 25(OH) vitamin D.

	Tertiles of 25(OH) Vitamin D (ng/ml)
	≤8.5	8.5–13	>13	Ptrend
Age, years	63.9 ± 10.9	62.5 ± 10.9	60.7 ± 9.6	0.014
Male, n (%)	47 (40.5)	63 (53.9)	86 (74.8)	<0.001
Hypertension, %	79 (68.1)	78 (66.7)	77 (67.0)	0.853
Diabetes, %	34 (29.3)	39 (33.3)	31 (27)	0.698
Ever-Smokers,%	47 (40.5)	47 (40.2)	66 (57.4)	0.010
SBP, mmHg	131.5 ± 16.9	131.3 ± 16.1	132 ± 17.2	0.848
DBP, mmHg	77.9 ± 9.7	79.1 ± 11.6	80.1 ± 11.6	0.226
BMI, kg/m^2	26.1 ± 3.5	25.9 ± 3.4	26.1 ± 3.5	0.974
Total cholesterol, mmol/L	3.9 (3.3,4.7)	4.1 (3.3,4.8)	4.1 (3.5,4.7)	0.475
HDL cholesterol, mmol/L	1.1 (0.9,1.3)	1.1 (0.9,1.3)	1.1 (0.9,1.3)	0.651
LDL cholesterol, mmol/L	2.0 (1.7,2.7)	2.3 (1.6,2.7)	2.2 (1.8,2.6)	0.178
Fasting glucose, mmol/L	5.2 (4.6,6.3)	5.3 (4.7,7.0)	5.4 (4.9,6.2)	0.197
Creatinine, umol/L	72.2 (61.5, 84.0)	73.3 (66.3,84.2)	79.3 (62.7,87.5)	0.005
Calcium, mmol/L	2.1 (2.0,2.2)	2.2 (2.1,2.2)	2.2 (2.1,2.2)	<0.001
Phosphate, mmol/L	1.2 (1.1,1.3)	1.2 (1.1,1.4)	1.2 (1.1,1.3)	0.258
Gensini scores	21 (3,43)	16 (3,34)	15 (0,40)	0.385

SBP indicates systolic blood pressure. DBP indicates diastolic blood pressure. BMI indicates body mass index.

Table 2. Base characteristics of hypertensive vs. normotensive participants.

	Hypertensive participants (n = 234)	Normotensives participants (n = 114)	p
Age, years	63.9 ± 10.9	59.3 ± 10.2	<0.001
Male, n (%)	126 (53.9)	70 (61.4)	0.182
Drug use
Aspirin, n (%)	89 (38.0)	32 (28.1)	0.067
Clopidogrel, n (%)	20 (8.6)	12 (10.5)	0.549
Statin, n (%)	49 (20.9)	23 (20.2)	0.869
Calcium antagonist, n (%)	96 (41.0)	0 (0)	<0.001
β-blocker, n (%)	42 (18.0)	5 (4.4)	0.001
ACEI/ARB, n (%)	79 (33.8)	2 (1.8)	<0.001
Heart rate, beats/min	70.5 ± 9.9	69.4 ± 9.1	0.329
SBP, mmHg	135.3 ± 17.0	124.2 ± 13.1	<0.001
DBP, mmHg	80.4 ± 11.3	76.2 ± 9.9	<0.001

SBP indicates systolic blood pressure. DBP indicates diastolic blood pressure.

Table 3. Odds Ratio (ORs) of significant CHD according to presence of hypertension/25-OH Vitamin D levels.

			Age- and Sex-adjusted				Multivariable-Adjusted^a
	N	Cases(%)	OR	95% CI	P-trend	p-interaction	OR	95% CI	P-trend	p-interaction
Normotensives	114				0.857	0.058			0.800	0.020
Vit D >13	38	29 (76.3)	1.00	Reference			1.00	Reference
Vit D 8.5–13	39	32 (82.1)	3.20	0.86–11.94			1.23	0.42–4.00
Vit D ≤8.5	37	25 (67.6)	1.34	0.40–4.49			0.88	0.28–2.74
Hypertensives	234				0.076				0.005
Vit D >13	77	57 (74.0)	1.00	Reference			1.00	Reference
Vit D 8.5–13	78	63 (80.8)	1.48	0.69–3.21			1.63	0.83–3.20
Vit D ≤8.5	79	67 (84.8)	2.12	0.92–4.89			2.86	1.38–5.92

^a Multivariable model adjusted for age, sex, diabetes, smoking, calcium antagonist, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol. CI: Confidence Interval. Vit D: 25(OH) Vitamin D. Cases: presence of significant coronary stenosis.

Table 4. Odds ratio for higher gensini score according to presence of hypertension/25-OH vitamin D levels.

			Age- and Sex-Adjusted				Multivariable-Adjusted^a
	N	Cases (%)	OR	95% CI	P-trend	P-interaction	OR	95% CI	P-trend	P-interaction
Normotensives	114				0.880	0.008			0.823	0.045
Vit D >13	38	16 (42.1)	1.00	Reference			1.00	Reference
Vit D 8.5–13	39	15 (38.5)	1.31	0.54–3.17			1.16	0.45–2.97
Vit D ≤8.5	37	10 (27.0)	0.95	0.38–2.33			1.12	0.42–2.98
Hypertensives	234				0.005				0.003
Vit D >13	77	18 (23.4)	1.00	Reference			1.00	Reference
Vit D 8.5–13	78	21 (26.9)	1.28	0.71–2.32			1.34	0.73–2.46
Vit D ≤8.5	79	32 (40.5)	2.46	1.32–4.58			2.62	1.39–4.96

^a Multivariable model adjusted for age, sex, diabetes, smoking, calcium antagonist, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol. CI: Confidence Interval. Vit D: 25(OH) Vitamin D. Cases: those with top tertiles of Genisini Score (≧28).

Figure 1. Odd ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of coronary heart disease (CHD) (A) and higher Gensini Score (B) for patients with severe hypovitaminosis D, relative to those with higher 25-OH vitamin D levels (≧10 ng/ml), among hypertensives and normotensives, respectively. Results were adjusted for age, sex, diabetes, calcium antagonist, smoking, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol.