Multivariate analysis of hypertension in general US adults based on the 2017 ACC/AHA guideline: data from the national health and nutrition examination survey 1999 to 2016

Figures & data

Table 1. Univariate analysis of individual characteristics associated with prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension.

Variable	Hypertension N (%) p-value	Awareness N (%) p-value	Treatment N (%) p-value	Control N (%) p-value
Overall
Yes	23,783 (47.8)	15,039 (59.9)	13,795 (90.3)	4813 (39.2)
No	21,774 (52.2)	8709 (40.1)	1237 (9.7)	8328 (60.8)
Age (years)	<.0001	<.0001	<.0001	<.0001
20–29	1223 (16.1)	331 (25.9)	208 (57.5)	105 (53.1)
30–39	2218 (29.1)	938 (41.1)	722 (75.6)	300 (44.1)
40–49	3634 (45.6)	1890 (50.4)	1608 (85.1)	595 (40.5)
50–59	4227 (60.5)	2738 (63.0)	2499 (90.1)	962 (42.6)
60–69	5624 (73.4)	4082 (71.5)	3882 (95.3)	1376 (40.8)
70–79	4101 (80.9)	3082 (75.0)	2975 (97.0)	971 (34.6)
≥80	2756 (86.7)	1978 (73.8)	1901 (96.6)	504 (28.6)
Gender	<.0001	<.0001	<.0001	.8359
Male	12,289 (50.8)	7107 (54.1)	6369 (87.5)	2243 (39.3)
Female	11,494 (45.0)	7932 (66.0)	7426 (92.6)	2570 (39.1)
Race	<.0001	<.0001	.0001	<.0001
Mexican Amer	3641 (35.5)	2022 (49.5)	1808 (87.5)	617 (39.8)
NH White	10,947 (48.9)	6938 (60.3)	6389 (90.7)	2388 (40.6)
NH Black	5863 (56.8)	4074 (66.2)	3788 (91.6)	1182 (33.7)
Other race	3332 (41.3)	2005 (55.4)	1810 (86.8)	626 (36.8)
Marital status	.8541	.0220	.3222	.0695
Single/widowed/divorced/separated/ Never married	9618 (47.8)	6306 (61.4)	5815 (90.7)	1969 (37.9)
Married/live with partner	13,913 (47.9)	8596 (59.3)	7856 (90.0)	2821 (40.2)
Education	<.0001	<.0001	.0251	.0001
Elementary/Middle school	7436 (53.9)	4833 (63.7)	4453 (91.2)	1403 (35.6)
High school	5796 (52.0)	3676 (60.2)	3391 (91.1)	1196 (37.9)
College and above	10,508 (44.2)	6502 (58.3)	5926 (89.5)	2210 (41.4)
Annual Family income	<.0001	<.0001	.0662	<.0001
Less than $20,000	6493 (50.9)	4367 (64.7)	4029 (91.5)	1287 (35.5)
$20,000–$44,999	7001 (49.3)	4431 (61.8)	4071 (90.4)	1436 (38.5)
$45,000–$74,999	4008 (47.4)	2478 (58.3)	2270 (89.7)	849 (41.6)
Over $75,000	4168 (44.1)	2429 (55.5)	2193 (89.0)	863 (43.2)
Previous cardiovascular events	<.0001	<.0001	<.0001	.0813
No	19,366 (44.6)	11,268 (55.3)	10,142 (88.6)	3500 (38.8)
Yes	4258 (79.7)	3648 (85.8)	3533 (96.3)	1287 (41.1)
Diabetes	<.0001	<.0001	<.0001	.5824
No	22,914 (47.3)	14,332 (59.3)	13,107 (90.0)	4585 (39.1)
Yes	869 (78.6)	707 (81.8)	688 (98.3)	228 (40.7)
Current Kidney function	<.0001	<.0001	<.0001	.3960
eGFR < 30	370 (92.0)	338 (90.1)	338 (100.0)	100 (33.2)
30 ≤ eGFR < 60	2634 (83.5)	2173 (81.6)	2121 (97.8)	774 (40.2)
60 ≤ eGFR < 90	7825 (60.2)	5344 (65.4)	5019 (92.6)	1821 (40.3)
eGFR ≥ 90	9011 (36.8)	4866 (51.6)	4246 (85.9)	1538 (40.8)
Obesity BMI	<.0001	<.0001	.0204	.0011
BMI < 18.5	252 (28.8)	126 (50.3)	116 (90.6)	28 (35.3)
18.5 ≤ BMI < 25	4959 (33.4)	2618 (47.5)	2353 (88.5)	711 (34.7)
25 ≤ BMI < 30	7856 (47.5)	4766 (57.1)	4353 (89.6)	1529 (39.1)
BMI ≥ 30	10,133 (60.7)	7100 (67.5)	6566 (91.2)	2439 (40.9)
Obesity waist to height ratio	<.0001	<.0001	<.0001	.6650
Ratio < 0.5	2057 (23.9)	828 (36.2)	688 (80.7)	228 (40.4)
Ratio ≥ 0.5	20,087 (52.9)	12,995 (61.8)	11,943 (90.6)	4282 (39.4)
Health insurance	<.0001	<.0001	<.0001	.1547
No	3730 (36.0)	1762 (45.1)	1486 (82.9)	509 (36.8)
Yes	19,938 (50.4)	13,220 (62.3)	12,255 (91.1)	4299 (39.5)
Smoking history	.0001	.0339	.7206	.0002
Smoked <100 cigarettes in life	12,055 (45.3)	7466 (58.3)	6848 (90.4)	2273 (37.0)
Smoked ≥100 cigarettes in life	11,703 (50.7)	7559 (61.6)	6933 (90.2)	2539 (41.4)
Alcohol use	<.0001	<.0001	<.0001	<.0001
Had less than 12 alcohol drinks/1 year.	5421 (52.8)	3709 (66.6)	3482 (93.2)	1142 (34.7)
Had at least 12 alcohol drinks/1 year.	11,518 (45.9)	7120 (58.1)	6461 (89.0)	2461 (42.2)

All n are analytic sample n; all % and mean (SE) are weighted in order to represent the USA population.

Figure 1. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among participants in different age group.

Table 2. Individual characteristics associated with prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension.

Variable	Prevalence		Awareness		Treatment		Control
	OR (95%)	p	OR (95%)	p	OR (95%)	p	OR (95%)	p
Age	1.06 (1.06–1.07)	<.0001	1.03 (1.03–1.04)	<.0001	1.06 (1.05–1.06)	<.0001	0.99 (0.99–0.99)	<.0001
Gender							N/A^#
Male	1.59 (1.47–1.71)	<.0001	0.70 (0.64–0.77)	<.0001	0.66 (0.56–0.79)	<.0001
Female	1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)
Race
Mexican American	0.71 (0.66–0.77)	<.0001	0.77 (0.71–0.84)	<.0001	0.97 (0.81–1.16)	.7165	1.09 (0.98–1.22)	.1110
NH White	1 (ref)		1 (ref.)		1 (ref.)		1 (ref.)
NH Black	1.59 (1.48–1.70)	<.0001	1.45 (1.36–1.55)	<.0001	1.40 (1.22–1.60)	<.0001	0.81 (0.75–0.88)	<.0001
Education
Elementary/Middle	1.02 (0.95–1.09)	.5743	1.00 (0.93–1.08)	.9801	0.92 (0.80–1.05)	.1995	0.96 (0.90–1.02)	.1854
High school	1 (ref.)		1 (ref.)		1 (ref.)		1 (ref.)
College and above	0.92 (0.87–0.97)	<.0013	1.01 (0.95–1.09)	.6916	1.02 (0.92–1.14)	.6614	1.06 (0.98–1.14)	.1386
Annual Family income					N/A^#
Less than $20,000	1.14 (1.05–1.23)	.0015	1.11 (1.02–1.21)	.0125			0.90 (0.83–0.98)	.0177
$20,000–$44,999	0.99 (0.93–1.05)	.6764	1.00 (0.93–1.07)	.8895			0.97 (0.89–1.06)	.5133
$45,000–$74,999	1.01 (0.94–1.08)	.8562	0.97 (0.90–1.05)	.4416			1.05 (0.95–1.16)	.3017
Over $75,000	1 (ref.)		1 (ref.)				1 (ref.)
Cardiovascular events							N/A^#
No	1 (ref.)		1 (ref.)		1 (ref.)
Yes	1.52 (1.30–1.78)	<.0001	3.08 (2.66–3.56)	<.0001	2.06 (1.50–2.81)	<.0001
Diabetes							N/A^#
No	1 (ref.)		1 (ref.)		1 (ref.)
Yes	1.79 (1.38–2.31)	<.0001	2.16 (1.65–2.83)	<.0001	4.73 (2.59–8.64)	<.0001
Obesity BMI
BMI < 18.5	0.64 (0.52–0.80)	<.0001	0.77 (0.56–1.04)	.0892	1.26 (0.70–2.27)	.4477	0.92 (0.58–1.45)	.7056
18.5 ≤ BMI < 25	1 (ref.)		1 (ref.)		1 (ref.)		1 (ref.)
25 ≤ BMI < 30	1.01 (0.91–1.12)	.8441	1.04 (0.92–1.18)	.5461	0.84 (0.65–1.07)	.1595	1.05 (0.88–1.25)	.5837
BMI ≥ 30	2.02 (1.84–2.22)	<.0001	1.78 (1.57–2.02)	<.0001	1.17 (0.92–1.51)	.2045	1.12 (0.95–1.32)	.1881
Waist to height ratio							N/A^#
Ratio < 0.5	1 (ref.)		1 (ref.)		1 (ref.)
Ratio ≥ 0.5	1.36 (1.20–1.53)	<.0001	1.38 (1.17–1.64)	.0002	1.51 (1.07–2.13)	.0190
Health insurance							N/A^#
No	0.96 (0.88–1.04)	.2968	0.70 (0.61–0.79)	<.0001	0.83 (0.66–1.05)	.1152
Yes	1 (ref.)		1 (ref.)		1 (ref.)
Smoking history	N/A^#				N/A^#
Smoked < 100			1 (ref.)				1 (ref.)
Smoked ≥ 100			1.18 (1.10–1.27)	<.0001			1.20 (1.09–1.33)	.0005

Data are odds ratios (95% CI).

^# The factor was not included in the multivariate model due to it was not significant in the univariate analyses at Table 1 or it had more than 15% observations missing.