Soluble RAGEs and cardiovascular risk factors in adult offspring of patients with premature coronary heart disease

Figures & data

Table 1. Characteristics of the study population.

	Offspring	Controls	p value
	n = 114	n = 194
Men, n (%)	56 (49.1)	69 (35.6)	0.023
Age, years	28.5 ± 6.4	28.9 ± 5.3	0.51
Height, cm	173.9 ± 8.4	173.2 ± 8.8	0.48
Weight, kg	74.4 ± 13.5	72.3 ± 14.9	0.21
BMI, kg m^−²	24.6 ± 3.9	24.0 ± 4.3	0.26
Waist, cm	84.2 ± 11.6	81.5 ± 11.8	0.059
WHR	0.80 ± 0.07	0.79 ± 0.07	0.061
Pathological waist, n (%)	45 (39.5)	65 (33.2)	0.32
Systolic BP, mmHg	118.6 ± 12.6	116.5 ± 11.3	0.13
Diastolic BP, mmHg	78.9 ± 9.0	77.0 ± 8.5	0.063
Arterial hypertension, n (%)	19 (16.7)	15 (7.7)	0.023
Antihypertensive therapy, n (%)	3 (2.7)	0	0.050
Glycaemia, mmol L^−1	4.84 ± 0.45	4.80 ± 0.39	0.395
HbA1c (mmol mol^−1)	34.6 ± 0.31	33.7 ± 0.29	0.03
Diabetes mellitus, n (%)	0	0	0
Metabolic syndrome, n (%)	10 (8.8)	11 (5.7)	0.35
Insulin, mIU L^−1	5.85 (4.7–8.9)	5.60 (4.0–7.5)	0.085
C-peptide, nmol L^−1	0.49 (0.4–0.6)	0.46 (0.4–0.5)	0.22
TAG, mmol L^−1	0.98 (0.6–1.4)	0.92 (0.7–1.2)	0.17
Total cholesterol, mmol L^−1	4.72 ± 1.04	4.55 ± 0.76	0.13
HDL cholesterol, mmol L^−1	1.60 ± 0.45	1.67 ± 0.48	0.21
LDL cholesterol, mmol L^−1	2.70 ± 0.90	2.46 ± 0.72	0.024
Lipid lowering therapy, n (%)	2 (1.8)	0	0.14
Creatinin, μmol L^−1	75.15 ± 13.2	76.18 ± 11.9	0.48
Current smoking, n (%)	43 (37.7)	48 (24.7)	0.020
History of smoking	58 (50.9)	64 (33.0)	0.003
Regular physical activity, n (%)	67 (58.8)	101 (52.1)	0.29
ABI	1.07 ± 0.08	1.09 ± 0.09	0.002
Aortic PWV, m s^−1	6.2 ± 1.06	5.8 ± 1.0	0.002
sRAGE, pg mL^−1	1289.2 ± 518.3	1492.1 ± 537.8	0.001

Values are arithmetic mean ± SD or proportions, that is, n (%) or median (interquartile range).

BMI: Body Mass Index; WHR: Waist/Hips Ratio; Systolic BP = Systolic Blood Pressure; Diastolic BP: Diastolic Blood Pressure; HbA1c: glycated haemoglobin; TAG: Triglycerides; HDL: High density lipoprotein; LDL: Low density lipoprotein; ABI: Ankle Brachial Index; PWV: Pulse Wave Velocity; sRAGE: Soluble Receptors for Advanced Glycation Endproducts.

Figure 1. Aortic PWV in the offspring and control group adjusted for major cofounders – results of the multivariate linear regression analysis.

Figure 2. Soluble RAGE levels in the offspring and control group adjusted for major cofounders – results of the multivariate linear regression analysis.

Table 2. Correlation analysis between sRAGE, aortic PWV and other cardiovascular risk factors.

	Aortic PWV	sRAGE	ABI	Age	BMI	Systolic BP	Diastolic BP	Glycaemia	LDL cholesterol
Aortic PWV	1.00
sRAGE	−0.115 0.043	1.00
ABI	0.029 0.61	0.171 0.0025	1.00
Age	0.190 0.0008	0.024 0.67	0.347 <0.0001	1.00
BMI	0.25 <0.0001	−0.210 0.0002	0.119 0.036	0.232 <0.0001	1.00
Systolic BP	0.274 <0.0001	−0.167 0.0032	−0.084 0.35	−0.008 0.89	0.321 <0.0001	1.00
Diastolic BP	0.357 <0.0001	−0.142 0.013	0.050 0.38	0.195 0.0006	0.333 <0.0001	0.692 <0.0001	1.00
Glycaemia	0.232 <0.0001	−0.130 0.022	−0.001 0.99	0.067 0.24	0.283 <0.0001	0.277 <0.0001	0.263 <0.0001	1.00
LDL cholesterol	0.049 0.39	−0.057 0.32	0.084 0.14	0.272 <0.0001	0.297 <0.0001	0.079 0.17	0.179 0.0017	0.087 0.13	1.00
Current smoking	0.069 0.22	0.045 0.43	0.050 0.38	0.025 0.66	0.035 0.54	−0.049 0.38	−0.065 0.25	0.014 0.81	0.028 0.62

Spearman correlation coefficients are shown.

PWV: Pulse Wave Velocity; sRAGE: Soluble Receptors for Advanced Glycation Endproducts; ABI: Ankle Brachial Index; BMI: Body Mass Index; Systolic BP: Systolic Blood Pressure; Diastolic BP: Diastolic Blood Pressure; LDL: Low density lipoprotein.

Table 3. Determinants of the difference between offspring and controls – results of multivariate logistic regression analysis.

	Odds ratio (95% CI)	p value
Male gender (1,0)	1.36 (0.77 to 2.37)	0.28
Age (years)	0.97 (0.92 to 1.02)	0.19
Systolic BP (mmHg)	1.00 (0.98 to 1.02)	0.96
BMI (kg m^−2)	0.99 (0.92 to 1.05)	0.68
Glycaemia (mmol L^−1)	0.98 (0.51 to 1.88)	0.95
LDL (>2.5 mmol L^−1 vs. lower values)	1.54 (0.91 to 2.60)	0.11
Current smoking	2.15 (1.25 to 3.67)	0.0053
Aortic PWV (4th quartile vs. others)	2.13 (1.18 to 3.82)	0.011
sRAGE (1st quartile vs. others)	2.49 (1.41 to 4.41)	0.0017
ABI (<1 vs. others)	1.55 (0.71 to 3.36)	0.27

Systolic BP: systolic blood pressure; BMI: body mass index; LDL: low density lipoprotein; PWV: pulse wave velocity, sRAGE: soluble receptors for advanced glycation endproducts; ABI: ankle/brachial index.