Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in various ethnic groups (Hui, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Mongolian, Tajik) in Xinjiang, Northwest China

Figures & data

Figure 1. Survey sites in Xinjiang Northwest China by urban and rural region.

Table 1. Prevalence of hypertension and proportions who were aware, treated and controlled by unmodifiable factors in population ≥18 years (%, 95% CI).

Characteristics	Prevalence 1	Prevalence 2	Awareness	Treatment	Control	Control in treatment
Gender men	37.4 (36.3–38.5)	22.2 (21.3–23–2)	54.6 (52.2–57.0)	43.7 (41.2–46.1)	15.8 (14.0–17.6)	36.0 (32.1–39.9)
Women	37.8 (36.7–38.9)	22.1 (21.1–23.0)	56.5 (54.0–58.9)	44.1 (41.6–46.5)	13.2 (11.5–14.8)	30.0 (26.3–33.7)
p Value	.711	.912	.198	.667	.200	.016
Age groups 18–24	30.9 (29.1–32.8)	16.9 (15.4–18.4)	37.9 (33.1–42.6)	37.4 (32.6–42.1)	10.4 (7.4–13.4)	28.0 (25.1–30.8)
25–34	28.2 (26.5–29.9)	15.8 (14.4–17.2)	36.4 (31.7–41.1)	34.5 (29.9–39.1)	9.2 (6.4–12.0)	26.8 (23.9–29.1)
35–44	32.5 (30.9–34.2)	18.9 (17.5–20.3)	41.1 (37.0–45.1)	32.3 (28.4–36.1)	10.2 (7.7–12.7)	31.5 (29.1–33.8)
45–54	39.8 (37.9–41.6)	24.3 (22.7–26.0)	61.0 (57.2–64.8)	48.6 (44.7–52.5)	18.6 (115.6–21.6)	37.2 (34.6–39.5)
55–64	47.2 (44.8–49.5)	29.7 (27.6–31.8)	69.3 (65.4–73.2)	52.8 (48.6–57.1)	21.0 (17.5–24.4)	39.7 (36.8–32.5)
≥65	53.6 (51.4–55.7)	31.4 (29.4–33.4)	74.2 (70.9–77.6)	51.8 (48.0–55.6)	14.8 (12.1–17.6)	28.5 (25.6–31.3)
p Value	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	.162
Ethnicity Han	37.0 (35.9–38.0)	20.9 (19.8–22.0)	55.5 (53.1–58.0)	41.5 (39.1–43.9)	14.5 (12.8–16.2)	32.7 (29.9–35.4)
Kazakh	44.1 (42.9–45.2)	24.8 (23.6–25.9)	67.4 (65.0–69.9)	50.0 (47.5–52.4)	17.1 (15.4–18.6)	34.3 (32.1–36.7)
Mongolian	38.8 (37.8–39.7)	25.3 (24.1–26.5)	55.1 (52.9–57.3)	42.4 (39.9–44.8)	16.1 (14.4–17.7)	25.9 (23.5–28.2)
Hui	32.1 (31.2–33.0)	20.8 (19.8–21.9)	42.7 (40.2–45.1)	36.7 (34.2–39.2)	11.2 (9.5–12.8)	28.8 (26.5–30.7)
Kyrgyz	33.1 (32.0–34.2)	20.2 (19.1–21.4)	43.6 (41.2–45.9)	38.0 (35.5–40.4)	14.2 (12.6–15.8)	37.7 (34.9–39.9)
Tajik	41.6 (40.4–42.7)	25.4 (23.9–26.7)	49.1 (47.0–51.2)	41.7 (39.3–44.2)	9.6 (8.0–11.2)	24.3 (22.1–26.8)
p Value	<.001	<.001	.280	<.001	.162	.402
Region rural	37.5 (36.5–38.6)	22.3 (21.4–13.3)	55.7 (53.4–57.8)	43.9 (41.5–46.2)	14.8 (12.3–16.9)	33.6 (30.8–36.4)
Urban	37.3 (36.2–38.4)	21.0 (20.1–22.0)	54.4 (53.2–56.5)	42.6 (40.4–44.7)	11.5 (9.4–13.6)	26.8 (24.2–29.3)
p Value	.660	.109	.337	.622	.180	.204
Education status ≤ Primary	38.7 (37.8–39.7)	24.0 (22.8–25.3)	55.0 (52.9–57.1)	41.5 (39.2–44.1)	13.6 (12.0–15.2)	30.9 (27.4–33.3)
Junior high	36.3 (35.4–37.3)	22.2 (21.3–23.1)	55.8 (53.3–58.2)	45.0 (42.6–47.5)	12.8 (12.1–14.3)	29.0 (26.5–31.6)
≥Senior high	38.4 (37.3–39.9)	21.3 (20.2–22.4)	52.4 (50.0–54.9)	42.8 (40.5–45.3)	12.1 (10.5–13.7)	29.2 (26.7–31.7)
p Value	<.001	<.001	<.001	.077	.077	.350
Total	37.6 (36.8–38.4)	22.2 (21.5–22.8)	55.5 (53.8–57.2)	43.9 (42.1–45.6)	14.5 (13.3–15.7)	33.0 (30.2–35.7)

P1: prevalence of hypertension based on 2017 American guideline; P2: prevalence of hypertension based on BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg

Table 2. Prevalence of hypertension and proportions who were aware, treated and controlled by modifiable factors in population ≥18 years (%, 95% CI).

Characteristics	Prevalence 1	Prevalence 2	Awareness	Treatment	Control	Control in treatment
Body mass index
kgm^2	21.8 (20.8–22.7)	11.1 (10.4–11.9)	48.8 (46.4–51.3)	36.7 (34.3–39.1)	14.7 (12.9–16.4)	34.9 (32.3–37.1)
24.0–27.9 kg/m^2	44.0 (42.8–45.1)	25.6 (24.6–26.7)	57.6 (55.1–60.0)	45.4 (41.5–49.2)	16.9 (15.2–18.6)	37.1 (34.5–39.8)
28.0 kg/m^2	63.0 (61.9–64.1)	40.9 (39.8–42.0)	57.6 (55.2–60.0)	46.3 (42.8–49.9)	11.5 (9.8–13.2)	24.9 (22.1–27.8)
p Value	<.001	<.001	.001	.003	.025	.001
Abdominal obesity
No	25.3 (24.3–26.3)	13.4 (12.6–14.1)	51.8 (49.4–54.2)	39.5 (37.1–41.9)	15.3 (13.6–17.1)	36.4 (33.8–38.9)
Yes	56.5 (55.4–57.7)	35.3 (34.2–36.4)	58.9 (56.6–61.2)	46.2 (43.8–48.6)	13.9 (12.2–15.5)	29.0 (26.7–31.4)
p Value	<.001	<.001	.001	.004	.580	.027
Cigarette consumption
Current	39.2 (38.2–40.3)	23.6 (22.6–24.6)	51.6 (49.3–53.7)	40.8 (38.3–43.2)	15.3 (13.5–17.1)	31.4 (28.8–33.9)
Past	37.2 (36.1–38.2)	21.9 (21.0–22.9)	44.3 (42.1–42.1)	44.3 (42.0–46.7)	12.5 (10.8–14.2)	29.5 (27.1–31.9)
Never	37.2 (36.0–38.1)	22.3 (21.3–23.2)	56.5 (54.1–58.7)	44.3 (42.1–46.7)	13.9 (12.2–15.4)	37.4 (34.9–39.8)
p Value	.015	.502	.144	.422	.719	.295
Alcohol intake
Current	38.4 (37.3–39.4)	23.5 (22.5–24.5)	55.5 (53.2–57.9)	42.4 (39.9–45.0)	15.9 (14.1–17.4)	31.6 (28.8–33.8)
Past and never	37.6 (36.8–38.5)	22.0 (21.1–23.0)	54.4 (52.0–56.9)	44.1 (42.0–46.5)	14.0 (12.4–15.5)	37.1 (34.8–39.7)
p Value	0.605	0.884	0.411	0.347	0.417	0.428

P1: prevalence of hypertension based on 2017 American guideline; P2: prevalence of hypertension based on BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval

Table 3. Multivariable-adjusted odds ratios for hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control rates (OR, 95% CI).

Characteristics	Prevalence	Awareness	Treatment	Control	Control among treatment
Age	1.18 (1.13–1.23)	1.45 (1.34–1.57)	1.19 (1.10–1.28)	1.14 (1.02–1.27)	1.03 (0.91–1.17)
Gender (Women vs. Men)	0.89 (0.77–1.04)	0.96 (0.73–1.25)	0.95 (0.73–1.23)	0.80 (0.56–1.15)	0.83 (0.55–1.25)
Region (Rural vs. Urban)	0.97 (0.81–1.15)	0.91 (0.66–1.25)	1.05 (0.77–1.42)	1.28 (0.81–2.00)	1.29 (0.77–2.15)
Body mass index
kgm^2	1	1	1	1	1
24.0–27.9 kg/m^2	2.10 (1.76–2.49)	1.24 (0.90–1.71)	1.31 (0.96–1.79)	1.03 (0.68–1.57)	0.80 (0.48–1.33)
≥28.0 kg/m^2	3.48 (2.82–4.30)	1.18 (0.81–1.71)	1.32 (0.92–1.90)	0.68 (0.41–1.12)	0.49 (0.27–1.89)
Abdominal obesity
No	1	1	1	1	1
Yes	1.81 (1.53–2.15)	1.27 (0.94–1.71)	1.13 (0.85–1.51)	1.08 (0.73–1.59)	0.96 (0.60–1.52)
Cigarette consumption
Never	1	1	1	1	1
Past	0.78 (0.58–1.05)	0.76 (0.45–1.27)	0.97 (0.59–1.59)	0.82 (0.41–1.64)	0.75 (0.34–1.65)
Current	1.04 (0.87–1.25)	0.87 (0.64–1.18)	0.91 (0.68–1.23)	1.03 (0.67–1.51)	1.13 (0.69–1.83)
Alcohol intake
Never and past	1	1	1	1	1
Current	1.11 (0.94–1.32)	1.02 (0.76–1.37)	0.92 (0.69–1.22)	1.16 (0.79–1.70)	1.30 (0.82–2.08)
Education status
≤Primary	1	1	1	1	1
Junior high	0.92 (0.79–1.08)	0.93 (0.70–1.23)	1.06 (0.81–1.39)	0.80 (0.55–1.17)	0.73 (0.47–1.13)
≥Senior high	0.84 (0.69–1.02)	0.92 (0.65–1.31)	1.04 (0.74–1.47)	0.87 (0.54–1.40)	0.77 (0.43–1.36)

OR: odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval

Figure 2. Prescription pattern of anti-hypertensive agents and percentage of single, two and three agent prescriptions in treated hypertensive patients (n = 407). Notes: (Left) Prescription pattern of anti-hypertensive agents in treated hypertensive patients. (Right) Percentage of single, two and three agent prescriptions in treated hypertension. ACEI/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB: calcium channel blockers; β-blockers: beta receptor blockers; TCM: traditional Chinese medicine.