Age-stratified association of blood pressure with albuminuria and left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus

Figures & data

Table 1. Characteristics of patients according to age group.

Characteristic	Age, years			p Value (ANOVA)
	<45 (n = 345)	45–65 (n = 1383)	≥65 (n = 782)
Men, n (%)	213 (61.7)	624 (45.1)	344 (44.0)	<0.0001
Body mass index, kg/m^2	25.8 ± 3.6	25.4 ± 3.2	24.8 ± 3.5	<0.0001
Current smoking, n (%)	92 (26.7)	273 (19.7)	72 (9.2)	<0.0001
Alcohol intake, n (%)	88 (25.5)	259 (18.7)	76 (9.7)	<0.0001
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg	132.0 ± 16.5	136.8 ± 17.9	139.8 ± 16.7	<0.0001
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg	85.2 ± 11.9	81.7 ± 11.2	75.8 ± 10.4	<0.0001
Use of antihypertensive drugs, n (%)	150 (43.5)	923 (66.7)	640 (81.8)	<0.0001
Duration of hypertension, years	2.0 (0.5–4.0)	5.3 (2.0–11.0)	10.3 (5.0–20.0)	<0.0001
Heart rate, beats/min	75.9 ± 12.0	73.4 ± 13.0	73.1 ± 13.0	0.002
Plasma fasting glucose, mmol/L	6.3 (5.3–8.1)	6.2 (5.4–8.0)	6.3 (5.4–7.7)	0.002
Plasma glycosylated haemoglobin A1c, %	6.2 (5.6–7.8)	6.3 (5.7–7.5)	6.4 (5.9–7.4)	0.17
Use of antidiabetic agents, n (%)	163 (47.2)	748 (54.1)	452 (57.8)	0.002
Serum triglycerides, mmol/L	1.5 (1.0–2.3)	1.4 (1.0–2.1)	1.3 (0.9–1.8)	<0.0001
Serum total cholesterol, mmol/L	4.6 (4.0–5.3)	4.2 (3.6–5.7)	4.6 (4.0–5.4)	<0.0001
Albuminuria, n (%)	34 (15.8)	134 (17.8)	101 (22.1)	0.11
Microalbuminuria	25 (11.4)	111 (14.4)	81 (17.0)	0.14
Macroalbuminuria	9 (4.4)	23 (3.4)	20 (5.1)	0.34
ECG-LVH, n (%)	14 (4.1)	93 (6.7)	57 (7.3)	0.12

Table 2. Treatment of hypertension and diabetes mellitus according to age group.

Treatment	Age, years			p Value
	<45 (n = 345)	45–65 (n = 1383)	≥65 (n = 782)
Treatment of hypertension (n = 1713), n (%)
Monotherapy	90 (60.0)	537 (58.2)	299 (46.7)	<0.0001
Combination therapy	60 (40.0)	386 (41.8)	341 (53.3)	<0.0001
Use of RAS inhibitors	73 (48.7)	520 (56.3)	374 (58.4)	0.09
Treatment of diabetes mellitus (n = 1363), n (%)
Oral antidiabetic drugs alone	163 (63.2)	748 (66.4)	452 (63.3)	0.47
Insulin alone	34 (20.9)	108 (14.4)	73 (16.2)	0.12
Oral antidiabetic drugs plus insulin	25 (15.3)	139 (18.6)	91 (20.1)	0.40

RAS: renin-angiotensin system.

Values are number of subjects (%).

For further explanations, see Table 1.

Table 3. Prevalence of albuminuria according to blood pressure and age groups.

	Systolic/diastolic blood pressure, mmHg
Age group	<120/80	120–129/80–84	130–139/85–89	≥140/90	p for trend
Albuminuria
<45 years
Number of patients (n = 228)	3/34	6/41	8/50	17/103
Prevalence (%)	8.8	14.6	16.0	16.5	0.04
45–64 years
Number of patients (n = 796)	8/90	11/158	29/160	86/388
Prevalence (%)	8.9	7.0	18.1	22.2	0.001
≥65 years
Number of patients (n = 491)	7/33	13/84	21/128	60/246
Prevalence (%)	21.2	15.5	16.4	24.4	0.12
Overall
Number of patients (n = 1515)	18/157	30/283	58/338	163/737
Prevalence (%)	11.5	10.6	17.2	22.1	0.001
Microalbuminuria
<45 years
Number of patients (n = 219)	3/34	5/40	7/49	10/96
Prevalence (%)	8.8	12.5	14.3	10.4	0.94
45–64 years
Number of patients (n = 773)	8/90	10/157	27/158	66/368
Prevalence (%)	8.9	6.4	17.1	17.9	0.001
≥65 years
Number of patients (n = 471)	6/32	12/83	17/124	46/232
Prevalence (%)	18.8	14.5	13.7	19.8	0.12
Overall
Number of patients (n = 1463)	17/156	27/280	51/331	122/696
Prevalence (%)	10.9	9.6	15.4	17.5	0.001

Values are number of patients or prevalence. P values are for trend.

Table 4. Prevalence of ECG-left ventricular hypertrophy according to blood pressure and age groups.

	Systolic/diastolic blood pressure, mmHg
Age group	<120/80	120–129/80–84	130–139/85–89	≥140/90	p for trend
ECG-left ventricular hypertrophy
<45 years
Number of patients (n = 345)	1/66	2/67	3/72	8/140
Prevalence (%)	1.5	3.0	4.2	5.7	0.03
45–64 years
Number of patients (n = 1383)	6/171	13/285	13/294	61/633
Prevalence (%)	3.5	4.6	4.4	9.6	0.0004
≥65 years
Number of patients (n = 782)	2/72	6/120	15/202	34/388
Prevalence (%)	2.8	6.0	7.4	8.8	0.04
Overall
Number of patients (n = 2510)	9/309	21/472	31/568	103/1161
Prevalence (%)	2.9	4.4	5.5	8.9	<0.0001

Values are number of patients or prevalence. p Values are for trend.

Figure 1. Odds ratio relative to the whole age subgroup for albuminuria (left panel) and microalbuminuria (right panel). The analysis was adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, current smoking and alcohol intake, serum total cholesterol and triglycerides, heart rate, the presence of diabetes mellitus HbA1c level, duration of hypertension and the use of RAS inhibitors. Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals (CI). The number of participants for each subgroup is given in the parentheses. p values for trend and for significant odds ratios are given alongside the symbols.

Figure 2. Odds ratio relative to the whole age subgroup for left ventricular hypertrophy. The analysis was adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, current smoking and alcohol intake, serum total cholesterol and triglycerides, heart rate, the presence of diabetes mellitus HbA1c level, duration of hypertension and the use of RAS inhibitors. Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals (CI). The number of participants for each subgroup is given in the parentheses. P values for trend and for significant odds ratios are given alongside the symbols.