Thirteen-year follow-up of long-term treated psychotic disorder: personality aspects

Figures & data

Table 1. Characteristics of patients and controls.

	Patients (n = 28)				Controls (n = 57)
	Baseline	5-year follow-up	13-year follow-up	Baseline	5-year follow-up	13-year follow-up
Gender (n, women/men)	7/21	NA	NA	23/34	NA	NA
Age at onset (year)	21.7	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Education (year)	13.6	NA	NA	13.9	NA	NA
Age at baseline/follow up	39.0	44.0	52.0	41.7	46.9	54.7
Voc WAIS IQ	94.2 (n = 24)	NA	94.0 (n = 4)	103.6 (n = 50)	NA	104.0 (n = 15)
GAF	50.7	50.4	46.3	86.9** (n = 55)	82.5* (n = 51)	80.8* (n = 56)
SANS composite score	26.9 (n = 22)	29.8	32.1	NA	NA	NA
SAPS composite score	6.93 (n = 22)	8.49	8.97	NA	NA	NA
Medication (mg, CPZ-equivalents)	225.8 (n = 24)	289.5 (n = 23)	394.7 (n = 24)	NA	NA	NA
Medication-no antipsychotics (n)	4	5	4	NA	NA	NA
Medication-1^nd gen antipsychotics (n)	11	7	8	NA	NA	NA
Medication-2^st gen antipsychotics (n)	12	12	11	NA	NA	NA
Medication-1^st and 2^nd gen antipsychotics (n)	1	4	5	NA	NA	NA

NA: not applicable or not assessed; WAIS: Wechsler adult Intelligence Scales; IQ: intelligent quotient; GAF: Global Assessment of Functioning; SANS: Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms; SAPS: Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms; CPZ: chlorpromazine; gen, generation; All values in mean except for distribution of gender and medication. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.

Table 2. Tests of within-subjects effects using listwise deletion using ANCOVA showing p-values for the effect of time within individuals on personality traits (scale) taking age, diagnosis (patient or control), and gender into account.

SSP factor/scale	Intercept	Scale	Scale × Age at Baseline	Scale × Diagnosis	Scale × Gender
Neuroticism	0.000	0.757	0.654	0.643	0.721
Aggressiveness	0.000	0.693	0.972	0.149	0.784
Extraversion	0.000	0.742	0.858	0.555	0.964
Somatic trait anxiety	0.000	0.570	0.607	0.890	0.492
Psychic trait anxiety	0.000	0.808	0.364	0.680	0.890
Stress susceptibility	0.000	0.779	0.656	0.943	0.182
Lack of assertiveness	0.000	0.004**	0.005**	0.805	0.585
Impulsiveness	0.000	0.236	0.375	0.289	0.457
Adventure seeking	0.000	0.638	0.576	0.266	0.262
Detachment	0.000	0.209	0.295	0.396	0.621
Social desirability	0.000	0.925	0.889	0.965	0.704
Embitterment	0.000	0.997	0.867	0.468	0.375
Trait irritability	0.000	0.700	0.582	0.532	0.124
Mistrust	0.000	0.475	0.537	0.139	0.469
Verbal trait aggression	0.000	0.146	0.317	0.506	0.654
Physical trait aggression	0.000	0.410	0.625	0.036*	0.201

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.

Table 3. Correlations between baseline, five-year follow up and 13-year follow-up in patients with schizophrenia and related disorders and control subjects, using Swedish universities Scales of Personality (SSP).

	Patients			Controls
SSP factor/scale	Baseline/ Five-year follow-up	Baseline/ 13-year follow-up	Five-year/ 13-year follow-up	Baseline/ Five-year follow-up	Baseline/ 13-year follow-up	Five-year/ 13-year follow-up	Mean all	Mean patients	Mean controls
Neuroticism	0.584	0.735	0.651	0.788	0.756	0.784	0.737	0.657	0.776
Aggressiveness	0.751	0.665	0.661	0.809	0.780	0.832	0.769	0.692	0.807
Extraversion	0.723	0.439	0.478	0.772	0.774	0.817	0.708	0.547	0.788
Somatic trait anxiety	0.242	0.501	0.136	0.613	0.583	0.631	0.505	0.293	0.609
Psychic trait anxiety	0.672	0.850	0.742	0.740	0.730	0.770	0.749	0.755	0.747
Stress susceptibility	0.605	0.598	0.560	0.573	0.602	0.695	0.612	0.588	0.623
Lack of assertiveness	0.460	0.670	0.573	0.727	0.692	0.826	0.689	0.568	0.748
Impulsiveness	0.726	0.413	0.455	0.675	0.639	0.750	0.636	0.531	0.688
Adventure seeking	0.643	0.424	0.517	0.818	0.761	0.788	0.703	0.528	0.789
Detachment	0.694	0.766	0.877	0.690	0.691	0.722	0.727	0.779	0.701
Social desirability	0.550	0.684	0.694	0.803	0.619	0.712	0.689	0.643	0.711
Embitterment	0.699	0.733	0.777	0.613	0.635	0.615	0.659	0.736	0.621
Trait irritability	0.756	0.635	0.805	0.694	0.644	0.697	0.696	0.732	0.678
Mistrust	0.761	0.491	0.522	0.684	0.654	0.685	0.647	0.591	0.674
Verbal trait aggression	0.580	0.498	0.621	0.573	0.640	0.773	0.630	0.566	0.662
Physical trait aggression	0.663	0.497	0.560	0.755	0.721	0.772	0.702	0.607	0.749
Mean SSP scales	0.619	0.605	0.603	0.689	0.662	0.726
Mean SSP factors	0.686	0.613	0.597	0.790	0.770	0.811

Table 4. Tests of between-subjects effects using listwise deletion using ANCOVA showing p-values for the differences of personality traits (scale) over time between individuals taking age, diagnosis (patient or control), and gender into account.

SSP scale	Intercept	Age at baseline	Diagnosis	Gender	Diagnosis × Gender
Neuroticism	0.000	0.019*	0.000***	0.741	0.108
Aggressiveness	0.000	0.090	0.728	0.530	0.987
Extraversion	0.000	0.220	0.813	0.226	0.404
Somatic trait anxiety	0.000	0.069	0.002**	0.982	0.006**
Psychic trait anxiety	0.000	0.035*	0.000***	0.975	0.178
Stress susceptibility	0.000	0.152	0.000***	0.881	0.091
Lack of assertiveness	0.000	0.046*	0.003**	0.655	0.148
Impulsiveness	0.000	0.088	0.342	0.314	0.977
Adventure seeking	0.000	0.244	0.174	0.487	0.125
Detachment	0.000	0.727	0.005**	0.021*	0.992
Social desirability	0.000	0.894	0.685	0.437	0.711
Embitterment	0.000	0.158	0.000***	0.677	0.389
Trait irritability	0.000	0.023*	0.236	0.515	0.930
Mistrust	0.000	0.032*	0.000***	0.421	0.681
Verbal trait aggression	0.000	0.088	0.866	0.325	0.815
Physical trait aggression	0.000	0.353	0.756	0.042*	0.912

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.