Psychiatric disorders, rumination, and metacognitions in patients with type D personality and coronary heart disease

Figures & data

Figure 1. Study flow chart.

Table 1. Clinical characteristics of the included coronary heart disease patients with type D personality <65 years (n = 47).

Female gender, % (n)	21.3 (10)
Age at follow-up, mean (SD)	53.8 (8.1)
Living alone, % (n)	23.4 (11)
Low education, % (n)	66.0 (31)
Index coronary event, % (n)
Acute myocardial infarction	85.1 (40)
Stable or unstable angina	14.9 (7)
>1 previous coronary event prior to the index event, % (n)	36.2 (17)
Heart failure, % (n)	12.8 (6)
Chronic kidney failure, % (n)	15.0 (6)
Charlson comorbidity index score	3.4 (1.3)
Non-participation in cardiac rehabilitation	75.4 (35)
Physical activity < 1 time/week, % (n)	7.7 (13)
Daily smoking, % (n)	34.8 (16)
Diabetes, % (n)	17.0 (8)
Hypertension, % (n)	41.0 (32)
LDL cholesterol in mmol/L, mean (SD)	2.1 (0.9)
Body Mass Index in kg/m^2, mean (SD)	29.3 (4.8)
Micro C-Reactive Protein in mg/L, mean (SD)	3.0 (3.4)
Type D sum score, mean (SD)	31.3 (6.6)
Type D SI sum, mean (SD)	15.2 (4.0)
Type NA sum, mean (SD)	16.0 (4.5)

SD: standard deviation; NA: negative affectivity; SI: social inhibition.

Table 2. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in a cohort of chronic coronary heart disease patients with type D personality < 65 years (n = 47).

Axis I disorders
Affective disorders	n (%)
MDD single episode	16 (34.0)
MDD recurrent episodes	12 (25.5)
Current MDD total	28 (59.6)
Dysthymia	2 (4.3)
Depression NOS	4 (8.5)
Bipolar I disorder	1 (2.1)
At least one mood disorder	33 (70.2)
Anxiety disorders
Panic disorder	7 (14.9)
Generalized anxiety disorder	14 (29.8)
Social phobia	19 (40.4)
Post-traumatic stress disorder	3 (6.4)
Simple phobia	1 (2.1)
Obsessive-compulsive disorder	1 (2.1)
At least one anxiety disorder	29 (61.7)
Other
Alcohol dependence/abuse	2 (4.3)
Hypochondriasis	2 (4.3)
Somatoform pain disorder	2 (4.3)
Adjustment disorder	1 (2.1)
Axis II disorders
Avoidant PD	9 (19.1)
Obsessive-compulsive PD	8 (17.0)
Paranoid PD	9 (19.1)
Schizoid PD	1 (2.1)
Borderline PD	1 (2.1)
Dependent, Schizotypal, Histrionic and Narcissistic PDs	0
At least one PD	20 (42.6)

MDD: major depressive disorder; NOS: not otherwise specified; PD: personality disorder.

Table 3. Zero-order correlations between Type D traits, rumination and metacognitions. Pearson’s r.

Variables	Type D sum	NA sum	SI sum	RRS	PBRS	NBRS
Type D sum
NA sum	.758**
SI sum	.643**	.165
RRS	.465*	.727**	–.006
PBRS	.409*	.526**	–.098	.683**
NBRS	.405**	.607**	–.078	.749**	.642**

Type D sum: total DS-14 score; NA sum: total negative affectivity score; SI sum: total social inhibition score; RRS: Ruminative Responses Scale; PBRS: Positive Beliefs about Rumination Scale; NBRS: Negative Beliefs about Rumination Scale.

*p < .01; **p < .001.