Adherence to referrals from preschool vision screening and identification of barriers for non-adherence in Israel

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flowchart of study protocol and participants.

Table 1. Demographic characteristics of study participants.

	All (n = 1,283)	Ultra-Orthodox Jewish (n = 660)	Secular and Religious Jewish (n = 426)	Arab (n = 197)
N (%)	1283(100)	660(51.4)	426(33.2)	197(15.4)
Average age years (SD)	4.5(0.6)	4.4(0.7)	4.5(0.6)	4.45(0.6)	F(2,1282) = 1.57, P = 0.21*
Low-medium SES N (%)	1124(87.6)	660(100)	267(62.7)	197(100)	F(2,1282) = 422.6, P < 0.001*
Female N (%)	613(47.8)	318(48.2)	210(49.3)	85(43.1)	χ2(2) = 2.13, P = 0.34**

P: *one-way ANOVA, **Chi-square.

SES, socio-economic status.

Table 2. Referral rate by sex, ethnicity, age group and socio-economic status (SES).

		Failed N = 295 N (%)
Sex	Girls	135(22.0)	χ2 (1) = 0.62, P = 0.43
	Boys	160(23.9)
Religious status	Ultra-Orthodox	143(21.7)	χ2 (2) = 5.60, P = 0.06
	Religious and Secular	114(26.8)
	Arab	38(19.3)
Age category	3–4	82(26.3)	χ2 (2) = 2.53, P = 0.28
	4–5	144(21.9)
	5–6	69(22.1)
SES	Low-medium	267(23.8)	χ2 (1) = 2.97, P = 0.08
	High	28(17.6)
Total		295(23.0)

P: Chi-square.

Table 3. Adherence to referral for comprehensive vision examination by sex, ethnicity, age and socio-economic status (SES).

	Referred	Adhered N (%)
Sex	Girls (n = 135)	72(53.3)	χ2 (1) = 0.08, P = 0.77
	Boys (n = 160)	88(55.0)
Religious status	Ultra-Orthodox (n = 143)	85(59.4)	χ2 (2) = 3.74, P = 0.15
	Religious and Secular (n = 114)	54(47.3)
	Arab (n = 38)	21(55.2)
Age category	3-4 (n = 82)	41(50.0)	χ2 (2) = 8.54, P = 0.01
	4-5 (n = 144)	71(49.3)
	5-6 (n = 69)	48(69.5)
SES	Low-medium (n = 267)	148(55.4)	χ2 (1) = 1.61, P = 0.20
	High (n = 28)	12(42.8)
Total		160(54.2)

P: Chi-square.

Figure 2. Barriers to adherence with referrals to eye examinations by category.

Table 4. Barriers to adherence by sex, ethnic and age group and socio-economic status (SES).

		Predisposing factors N = 107		System factors N = 22		Other N = 6
		N	%	N	%	N	%
Sex	female	44	41.1%	14	63.6%	5	83.3%	χ2 (2) = 7.11, P = 0.03
	male	63	58.9%	8	36.4%	1	16.7%
Religious status	Secular and religious Jews	49	45.8%	8	36.4%	3	50.0%	χ2 (4) = 1.62, P = 0.80
	Ultra-orthodox Jews	44	41.1%	12	54.5%	2	33.3%
	Arab	14	13.1%	2	9.1%	1	16.7%
Age category	3-4	19	17.8%	6	27.3%	0	0.0%	χ2 (4) = 6.54, P = 0.16
	4-5	68	63.6%	15	68.2%	6	100.0%
	5-6	20	18.7%	1	4.5%	0	0.0%
SES	Low-medium	93	86.9%	19	86.4%	6	100.0%	χ2 (2) = 0.91, P = 0.63
	High	14	13.1%	3	13.6%	0	0.0%

P: Chi-square.

Table

		Time Average (SD)
Gender	Girls	1.37(2.01)	t(261.2) = 1.43, P = 0.15*
	Boys	1.04(1.85)
Religious status	Ultra-Orthodox	1.31(1.96)	F(2,278) = 1.16, P = 0.32**
	Religious and Secular	0.98(1.75)
	Arab	1.40(2.31)
Age category	3-4	1.05(1.76)	F(2,278) = 1.12, P = 0.33**
	4-5	1.12(1.96)
	5-6	1.49(2.07)
SES	Low	1.23(1.95)	t(279) = 0.99, P = 0.32*
	High	0.83(1.75)
Total		1.19(1.94)

P: *unpaired samples t-test; **one-way ANOVA.