Feels like Coming Home: Effects of Heimat Associations in Television Programs on Social Identity, Sense of Heimat, and Eudaimonic Entertainment Experience

Figures & data

Figure 1. Predicted influence of television programs with Heimat associations on sense of Heimat and eudaimonic entertainment experience, mediated by Heimat-related social identity.

Table 1. Emotions rated with regard to sense of Heimat.

Emotion	M (SD)	Was the emotion listed independently from the participants?
Affection	4.29 (0.94)	yes
Anger	1.72 (0.81)	no
Anxiety	1.60 (0.97)	yes
Appreciation	4.20 (0.77)	no
Arousal	2.24 (1.14)	no
Attachment	4.31 (0.90)	no
Aversion	1.23 (0.57)	no
Belonging	4.39 (0.79)	yes
Boredom	1.71 (1.05)	no
Care	4.14 (0.89)	no
Comfortable feeling	4.49 (0.66)	yes
Consolation	3.75 (1.14)	no
Emotional security	4.63 (0.69)	yes
Empathy	3.40 (1.18)	no
Envy	1.49 (0.89)	no
Familiarity	4.84 (0.40)	yes
Feeling to be in good hands	4.61 (0.57)	no
Guilt	1.32 (0.63)	no
Happiness	4.38 (0.78)	yes
Informality	3.98 (0.93)	no
Joy	4.44 (0.73)	yes
Longing	3.61 (1.15)	yes
Proudness	3.79 (1.26)	yes
Quietness	3.94 (0.92)	yes
Reliability	4.17 (0.78)	no
Restlessness	1.56 (0.82)	no
Sadness	2.16 (1.10)	yes
Safety	4.50 (0.70)	yes
Shame	1.36 (0.76)	no
Solidarity	4.46 (0.67)	yes
Support	4.05 (1.00)	no
Surprise	2.51 (1.11)	no
Understanding	3.86 (0.92)	no
Warmth	4.61 (0.67)	yes

Note: Items that were included in the final measurement based on the selection criteria (M> 3.00 and listed independently) are presented in bold.

Table 2. Study 1 and Study 2: Exploratory factor analysis.

		Factors
		Study 1			Study 2
Measurement items		1	2	3	1	2	3
English	German
Sense of Heimat (based on the preliminary study reported in this paper)
Affection	Liebe	.638			.738
Belonging	Zugehörigkeit	.606	−.325		.769	−.321
Comfortable feeling	Wohlbehagen	.777			.811
Emotional security	Geborgenheit	.723			.783
Familiarity	Vertrautheit	.671			.782
Happiness	Freude	.608			.650
Joy	Glück	.735			.767
Longing	Sehnsucht	.627			.492
Proudness	Stolz	.633			.445
Quietness	Geruhsamkeit	.456			.548
Safety	Sicherheit	.736			.583
Solidarity	Verbundenheit	.626			.779
Warmth	Wärme	.692			.634
Social Identity (items based on Williams & Vaske, 2003)
While watching the episode, I had the feeling that my Heimat and the surrounding landscapes are a part of me.	Ich hatte während der Sendung das Gefühl, dass meine Heimatregion ein Teil von mir ist.		−.777			−.782
While watching the episode, I strongly identified with my Heimat and the surrounding landscape.	Meine Heimatregion war mir während der Sendung besonders wichtig.		−.814			−.862
I felt strongly connected to my Heimat and the surrounding landscapes while watching the episode.	Ich habe mich während der Sendung stark mit meiner Heimatregion identifiziert.		−.843			−.871
My Heimat and the surrounding landscapes were especially important to me while watching the episode.	Ich habe mich während der Sendung emotional sehr stark mit meiner Heimatregion verbunden gefühlt.		−.763			−.813
While watching the episode, I had the feeling that the traditions of my Heimat are a part of me.	Ich hatte während der Sendung das Gefühl, dass die Traditionen meiner Heimat ein Teil von mir sind.		−.797			−.846
While watching the episode, I strongly identified with the traditions of my Heimat.	Die Traditionen meiner Heimat waren mir während der Sendung besonders wichtig.		−.857			−.810
I felt strongly connected to the traditions of my Heimat while watching the episode.	Ich habe mich während der Sendung stark mit den Traditionen meiner Heimat identifiziert.		−.828			−.870
The traditions of my Heimat were especially important to me while watching the episode.	Ich habe mich während der Sendung emotional sehr stark mit den Traditionen meiner Heimat verbunden gefühlt.		−.858			−.857
Social Identity (items based on Williams & Vaske, 2003)
While watching the episode, I had the feeling that the people who live in my Heimat are a part of me.	Ich hatte während der Sendung das Gefühl, dass die Personen, die in meiner Heimat wohnen, ein Teil von mir sind.		−.807			−.757
While watching the episode, I strongly identified the people who live in my Heimat.	Die Personen, die in meiner Heimat wohnen, waren mir während der Sendung besonders wichtig.		−.762			−.773
I felt strongly connected to the people who live in my Heimat while watching the episode.	Ich habe mich während der Sendung stark mit den Personen, die in meiner Heimat wohnen, identifiziert.		−.839			−.761
The people who live in my Heimat were especially important to me while watching the episode.	Ich habe mich während der Sendung emotional sehr stark mit den Personen, die in meiner Heimat wohnen, verbunden gefühlt.		−.804			−.797
Eudaimonic entertainment experience (Wirth et al., 2012)
I feel good because now that I have seen this film I recognize my life as fulfilled and meaningful.	Ich fühle mich gut, da ich nach dem Schauen der Sendung wieder erkennen kann, wie erfüllt und sinnvoll mein eigenes Leben ist.			.455			.670
I feel good because this film has helped me to accept myself and my life.	Ich fühle mich gut, da die Sendung mir geholfen hat, mich selbst und mein Leben besser zu akzeptieren.			.596			.632
I feel good because now that I have seen this film I feel that I am in charge of my own life.	Ich fühle mich gut, da ich nach dem Schauen der Sendung das Gefühl habe, mein Leben im Griff zu haben.			.532			.711
The film leaves me in a good mood because I became aware of the fact that I am in charge of my own life.	Die Sendung hinterlässt bei mir positive Gefühle, weil mir bewusst geworden ist, wie sehr ich selbst über mein Leben bestimmen kann.			.529			.813
The film leaves me in a good mood because I realized that I am free and independent.	Die Sendung hinterlässt bei mir positive Gefühle, weil mir bewusst geworden ist, dass ich frei und unabhängig bin.			.612			.794
I have a good feeling because the film has made me reflect on myself and my life.	Ich fühle mich gut, da mich die Sendung zum Nachdenken gebracht hat und ich mir so Gedanken über mich und mein Leben mache.			.524			.654
It felt good and right to feel empathy for the people during the film.	Es fühlte sich gut und richtig an, während der Sendung so viel Mitgefühl für die Menschen in der Sendung zu verspüren.			.769			.672
It felt good to feel compassion for the people during the film.	Es hat mir gutgetan, während der Sendung mit den Menschen in der Sendung mitzufühlen.			.663			.660
Precisely because the film was so distressing I had the feeling that the film delivered central values of life in an authentic way.	Ich hatte das Gefühl, dass die Sendung auf sehr glaubwürdige Art und Weise wichtige und zentrale Werte im Leben vermittelt.			.706			.708
Altogether, I feel good because the people acted in a responsible way during the film.	Insgesamt verspüre ich ein gutes Gefühl, da die Menschen in der Sendung auf vorbildliche Art und Weise gehandelt haben.			.924			.776
It makes me feel good to see that the people in the film deal with their lives’ trials and difficulties in an exemplary manner.	Es gibt mir ein gutes Gefühl zu sehen, wie vorbildlich die Menschen in der Sendung mit ihrer Lebenssituation umgehen.			.823			.716
I have a good feeling because the film has shown me how content I can be with my own life.	Ich fühle mich gut, da die Sendung mir gezeigt hat, wie zufrieden ich mit mir und meinem Leben doch eigentlich sein kann.			-^a			.702
It felt good to be captivated by the events around the people during the film.	Es war ein gutes Gefühl, während der Sendung ganz bei den Geschehnissen um die Menschen in der Sendung zu sein.			.732			-^b
I have a good feeling because the emotions that I felt during the film challenged me in a positive way.	Ich habe ein gutes Gefühl, weil die Emotionen, die ich in der Sendung verspürte, mich auf eine positive Weise herausgefordert haben.			- ^a			-^b
It felt good to expose myself to the theme of the Film.	Es hat mir gutgetan, mich mit der Thematik der Sendung auseinanderzusetzen.			- ^a			-^b

Note: Pattern matrix; ^abThree items that loaded on two factors were removed from the eudaimonic entertainment experience in the first^a and the second^b studies.

Table 3. Study 1: Mediation analysis on sense of Heimat based on Hayes (2018), with unstandardized regression coefficients and bootstrapping (m = 5.000); N= 169.

			b	SE b	t	p
Outcome: Heimat-related social identity
Constant			2.52 [2.32, 2.73]	.10	24.74	p < .001
Heimat associations			1.15 [0.87, 1.43]	.14	8.09	p < .001
R^2 = .28
	Outcome: Sense of Heimat
	Constant		1.82 [1.54, 2.10]	.14	12.90	p < .001
		Heimat associations	.13 [−0.08, 0.34]	.11	1.21	p= .230
		Heimat-related social identity	.47 [0.38, 0.57]	.05	9.58	p < .001
	R^2 = .47

Table 4. Study 1: Mediation analysis on eudaimonic entertainment experience based on Hayes (2018), with unstandardized regression coefficients and bootstrapping (m = 5.000); N = 169.

			b	SE b	t	p
Outcome: Heimat-related social identity
Constant			2.52 [2.32, 2.73]	.10	24.74	p < .001
Heimat associations			1.15 [0.87, 1.43]	.14	8.09	p < .001
R^2 = .28
	Outcome: Eudaimonic entertainment experience
	Constant		1.76 [1.43, 2.08]	.17	10.61	p< .001
		Heimat associations	−0.19 [−0.44, 0.06]	.13	−1.50	p= .136
		Heimat-related social identity	0.51 [0.40, 0.63]	.06	8.80	p< .001
	R^2 = .35

Table 5. Study 2: Mediation analysis on sense of Heimat based on Hayes (2018), with unstandardized regression coefficients and bootstrapping (m = 5.000); N = 147.

			b	SE b	t	p
Outcome: Heimat-related social identity
Constant			2.28 [2.07, 2.50]	.11	20.70	p < .001
Heimat associations			0.91 [0.59, 1.23]	.16	5.69	p < .001
R^2 = .18
Simple mediation analysis on sense of Heimat
	Outcome: Sense of Heimat
	Constant		2.10 [1.81, 2.40]	.15	13.99	p < .001
		Heimat associations	.28 [0.04, 0.52]	.12	2.34	p= .021
		Heimat-related social identity	.37 [0.25, 0.48]	.06	6.42	p < .001
	R^2 = .34

Table 6. Study 2: Mediation analysis on eudaimonic entertainment experience based on Hayes (2018), with unstandardized regression coefficients and bootstrapping (m = 5.000); N = 147.

			b	SE b	t	p
Outcome: Heimat-related social identity
Constant			2.17 [1.90, 2.45]	.14	15.52	p < .001
Heimat associations			0.93 [0.61, 1.24]	.16	5.79	p < .001
Earlier Heimat media consumption			0.05 [−0.03, 0.12]	.04	1.31	p = .193
R^2 = .19
	Outcome: Eudaimonic entertainment experience
	Constant		1.74 [1.38, 2.10]	.18	9.65	p< .001
		Heimat associations	−0.17[−0.44, 0.11]	.14	−1.19	p= .236
		Heimat-related social identity	0.48 [0.35, 0.61]	.07	7.28	p< .001
		Earlier Heimat media consumption	0.08 [0.02, 0.14]	.03	2.57	p < .05
	R^2 = .32

Table A1 Study 1 and Study 2: Zero-order correlations between the dependent variables, the mediator variable, and the covariate (Pearson’s r.

	Study 1				Study 2
Variable	1	2	3	4	1	2	3	4
(1) Heimat-related social identity	1	.68**	.59**	.15	1	.56**	.53**	.07
(2)Sense of Heimat	.68**	1	.70**	.05	.56**	1	.66**	.12
(3)Eudaimonic Entertainment Experience	.59**	.70**	1	.03	.53**	.66**	1	.22**
(4)Earlier Heimat-related media consumption	.15	.05	.03	1	.07	.12	.22**	1

Significant correlations (p < .01) are marked with *

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Data Availability Statement

The data and stimuli underlying this article will be shared on reasonable request to the corresponding author.