INFLUENCE OF AUTONOMIC SIGNALS ON PERCEPTION OF EMOTIONS IN EMBODIED AGENTS

Figures & data

TABLE 1 Respiration Patterns Associated with Affect

Affective state	Respiration pattern
Excitement	Fast and deep breathing
Relaxation	Slow and deep breathing
Focus	Fast and shallow breathing
Pain	Fast and deep breathing with occasional postinspiratory pauses
Relief/boredom	Sighing
Boredom	Yawning
Anger	Fast and deep breathing
Fear	Fast and deep breathing
Panic/anxiety	Fast and shallow breathing
Disgust	Postinspiration pauses/breathing suspension
Surprise	Breathing suspension
Startle	Expiration cessation and quick inspiration
Sadness	Slow and deep breathing
Joy	Slow and deep breathing or laughter

FIGURE 1 Expressions of (a) surprise, (b) sadness, and (c and d) anger using wrinkles.

FIGURE 2 Expression of shame using blushing.

FIGURE 3 Expressions of sadness using tears and of fear using sweating.

FIGURE 4 Control and expressive conditions in study 1.

TABLE 2 Descriptive Statistics for the Control and Expressive Conditions and Significance Levels in the First Study (n = 44)

	Control		Expressive
Variables	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Sig. 2-sd	r ^a
Pride	5.91	2.22	5.73	2.18	.383	ns
Anger*	6.02	2.25	7.91	1.87	.000	.849
Fear*	6.36	2.14	6.89	2.06	.013	.368
Surprise*	5.36	2.13	5.84	2.05	.039	.312
Sadness*	6.18	1.80	7.93	1.80	.000	.777
Shame*	5.52	2.06	6.55	2.07	.000	.596

TABLE 3 Descriptive Statistics for the Control and Expressive Conditions and Significance Levels in the Second Study (n = 44)

	Control		Expressive
Variables	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Sig. 2-sd	r
Excitement*	2.51	1.69	4.37	2.21	.000	.657
Relaxation	5.71	2.25	5.76	2.50	.850	ns
Focus*	5.85	2.01	5.05	1.99	.003	.444
Pain*	4.88	1.98	6.24	2.49	.000	.696
Relief*	4.27	2.12	5.46	2.12	.000	.537
Boredom*	4.98	2.06	5.76	2.52	.009	.398
Anger*	5.90	2.14	7.07	2.31	.000	.550
Fear*	5.59	2.21	7.17	2.13	.000	.602
Panic*	4.90	2.15	7.17	2.26	.000	.738
Disgust	6.46	2.23	6.46	2.35	1.000	ns
Surprise	6.34	2.33	6.15	2.37	.587	ns
Startle*	6.56	1.83	7.32	1.78	.002	.468
Sadness	6.46	2.37	6.71	2.27	.230	ns
Joy	6.15	2.19	6.29	2.40	.635	ns

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