A DIMENSIONAL MODEL FOR CULTURAL BEHAVIOR IN VIRTUAL AGENTS

Figures & data

TABLE 1 Explicit and Implicit Manifestations of Culture

Explicit	Implicit
Rituals: essential social activities carried out in a predetermined fashion	Values: represent cultural preconceptions about what is desirable and undesirable
Heroes: persons, alive, dead, or even imaginary that serve as role models
Symbols: words, gestures, pictures, or objects that members of a given culture have assigned a special particular meaning

FIGURE 1 Giving food example.

FIGURE 2 Cultural Agent Architecture.

FIGURE 3 Characters at the dinner table.

FIGURE 4 Goals and character properties.

TABLE 2 Results for the Statements Related to Individualism vs. Collectivism

Value statement (culture associated)	Culture	Avg.	StD.	Differences between cultures
The eldest male should be the head of the household (High Power Distance)	Col.	1.40	1.58	|ΔAvg| = 0.11
	Ind.	1.29	1.52	p = 0.435
Power and wealth are bad (Low Power Distance)	Col.	−0.71	1.37	|ΔAvg| = 0.31
	Ind.	−0.40	1.55	p = 0.058
				r = 0.21
They are concerned with everyone's well-being (Collectivism)	Col.	1.62	1.56	|ΔAvg| =l
	Ind.	0.62	2.16	p = 0.003
				r = 0.33
Personal achievements are very important (Individualism)	Col.	0.74	1.43	|ΔAvg| = 0.43
	Ind.	1.17	1.15	p = 0.006
				r = 0.30
Direct confrontations should be avoided (Collectivism)	Col.	0.50	1.64	|ΔAvg| = 0.5
	Ind.	0.00	1.81	p = 0.033
				r = 0.23
It is important for leaders to make all the decisions (High Power Distance)	Col.	0.24	1.41	|ΔAvg| = 0.21
	Ind.	0.45	1.35	p = 0.303
It is right to openly disagree with superiors (Low Power Distance)	Col.	−0.10	1.36	|ΔAvg| = 0.09
	Ind.	−0.19	1.40	p = 0.600
They like to trust and cooperate with other people (Collectivism)	Col.	2.05	1.08	|ΔAvg| = 1.43
	Ind.	0.62	2.22	p = 0.00
				r = 0.38
It is important for them to be independent (Individualism)	Col.	0.07	1.31	|ΔAvg| = 0.48
	Ind.	0.55	1.42	p = 0.015
				r = 0.27

TABLE 3 Second Experiment – Results for the User's Adjective Classification

Adjective	Culture	Avg.	StD.	Differences between cultures
Approachable/distant	Col.	−1.21	2.28	|ΔAvg| = 0.81
	Ind.	−0.40	2.14	p = 0.036
				r = 0.23
Equal/biased	Col.	0.00	1.93	|ΔAvg| = 0.07
	Ind.	0.07	1.87	p = 0.788
Independent/sharing	Col.	1.57	1.33	|ΔAvg| = 1.07
	Ind.	0.50	2.20	p = 0.001
				r = 0.37
Equalitarian/hierarchical	Col.	1.55	1.61	|ΔAvg| = 0.65
	Ind.	0.90	1.92	p = 0.009
				r = 0.29
Polite/impolite	Col.	−1.71	1.85	|ΔAvg| = 1.09
	Ind.	−0.62	1.97	p = 0.005
				r = 0.30
Pleasant/unpleasant	Col.	−1.83	1.45	|ΔAvg| = 1.19
	Ind.	−0.64	1.90	p = 0.000
				r = 0.40
Individualistic/collectivistic	Col.	1.50	1.35	|ΔAvg| = 2.1
	Ind.	−0.60	1.96	p = 0.002
				r = 0.33
Unfriendly/friendly	Col.	2.12	1.19	|ΔAvg| = 1.26
	Ind.	0.86	1.83	p = 0.000
				r = 0.41
Relaxed/tense	Col.	−1.38	1.59	|ΔAvg| = 0.5
	Ind.	−0.88	1.76	p = 0.042
				r = 0.22
Compassionate/indifferent	Col.	−1.36	1.54	|ΔAvg| = 0.96
	Ind.	−0.40	1.95	p = 0.002
				r = 0.33
Serious/cheerful	Col.	1.00	1.58	|ΔAvg| = 0.6
	Ind.	0.40	1.95	p = 0.04
				r = 0.22
Warm/cool	Col.	−0.81	1.77	|ΔAvg| = 0.6
	Ind.	−0.21	1.93	p = 0.066