Image polar radius distribution for seed orientation adjustment

Figures & data

Figure 1. Expansion principle corresponding to the polar radius feature vector.

Figure 2. Shearing process diagram.

Figure 3. Location distribution diagram for the seed apex, (a) first-quadrant location, (b) second-quadrant location, (c) third-quadrant location, and (d) fourth-quadrant location.

Figure 4. Flowchart for calculating orientation adjustment angle θ .

Figure 5. Flow of the orientation adjustment process.

Figure 6. Flowchart to calculate orientation adjustment angle: (a) garlic cloves with different shapes and sizes, (b) single garlic cloves, and (c) garlic cloves with similar shapes and sizes.

Figure 7. Binary images: (a) large difference in shape and size, (b) single garlic clove, (c) similar shape and size.

Figure 8. The results of morphological openings: (a) opening result for Figure 7(a), (b) opening result for Figure 7(b), and (c) opening result for Figure 7(c).

Figure 9. Polar radius distribution curve: (a) polar radius curve for the garlic clove in Figure 7(b), (b) polar radius curve for the garlic clove in Figure 8(b).

Figure 10. Shearing results: (a) shearing result 1 for Figure 8(a), (b) shearing result 2 for Figure 8(a), (c) shearing result for Figure 8(b), (d) shearing result 1 for Figure 8(c), (e) shearing result 2 for Figure 8(c) .

Figure 11. Filtering results based on feature parameters.

Table 1. Data related to the pretreated garlic cloves.

	Garlic cloves with different shapes and sizes		Single garlic clove	Garlic cloves of similar shape and size
	Garlic clove 1	Garlic clove 2	Garlic clove 3	Garlic clove 4	Garlic clove 5
Centroid before shearing	(178.87,147.08)	(356.54,203.63)	(254.25,132.36)	(114.19,132.30)	(312.90,251.55)
$(x_{min},y_{min})$	(1,5)	(277,98)	(126,41)	(26,24)	(157,103)
$(x_{max},y_{max})$	(286,261)	(446,330)	(376,257)	(236,283)	(415,338)
Centroid after shearing	(178.68,147.04)	(95.54,121.63)	(144.25,107.36)	(104.19,124.30)	(171.90,164.55)

Figure 12. Low-frequency signals given by wavelet packet multiscale decomposition and reconstruction for the garlic clove image in Figure 7(a): (a) Original polar radius curve for garlic clove 1. (b) Layer 1 reconstruction signal for garlic clove 1. (c) Layer 2 reconstruction signal for garlic clove 1. (d) Layer 3 reconstruction signal for garlic clove 1. (e) Layer 4 reconstruction signal for garlic clove 1. (f) Layer 5 reconstruction signal for garlic clove 1. (g) Original polar radius curve for garlic clove 2. (h) Layer 4 reconstruction signal for garlic clove 2.

Figure 13. Layer 4 low-frequency signal given by wavelet packet multiscale decomposition and reconstruction for the single-garlic clove image in Figure 7(b). (a) Original polar radius curve for garlic clove 3. (b) Layer 4 reconstruction signal for garlic clove 3.

Figure 14. Layer 4 low-frequency signal given by wavelet packet multiscale decomposition and reconstruction for the garlic clove image in Figure 7(c). (a) Original polar radius curve for garlic clove 4. (b) Layer 4 reconstruction signal for garlic clove 4. (c) Original polar radius curve for garlic clove 5. (d) Layer 4 reconstruction signal for garlic clove 5.

Table 2. Relevant data are given before and after processing the polar radius signal with a wavelet packet.

	Original polar radius curve					Polar radius signal processed by the wavelet packet
	Garlic clove 1	Garlic clove 2	Garlic clove 3	Garlic clove 4	Garlic clove 5	Garlic clove 1	Garlic clove 2	Garlic clove 3	Garlic clove 4	Garlic clove 5
Index number	824	477	724	545	784	827	479	724	543	790
$(B_x,B_y)$	(2,236)	(35,248)	(22,232)	(80,275)	(16,231)	(2,233)	(34,246)	(22,232)	(240,217)	(16,225)
$\mathrm{\Delta }x$	176.68	60.54	122.25	24.19	155.9	176.68	61.54	122.25	112.81	53.10
$\mathrm{\Delta }y$	88.96	126.37	124.64	150.70	66.45	85.96	124.37	124.64	115.7	148.55
$\theta$	243.28	205.60	224.45	189.12	66.91	244.06	206.33	224.45	225.72	19.67

Figure 15. Orientation adjustment results for the garlic cloves in Figure 7(a) (polar radius curve without wavelet packet processing). (a) the maximum polar radius of garlic clove 1. (b) Maximum polar radius of garlic clove 2. (c) Orientation adjustment for garlic clove 1. (d) Orientation adjustment for garlic clove 2.

Figure 16. Orientation adjustment results for the garlic cloves in Figure 7(a) (polar radius curve processed by the wavelet packet). (a) the maximum polar radius of garlic clove 1. (b) Maximum polar radius of garlic clove 2. (c) Orientation adjustment for garlic clove 1. (d) Orientation adjustment for garlic clove 2.

Figure 17. Orientation adjustment result for garlic clove 3 in Figure 7(b) (polar radius curve without wavelet packet processing). (a) the maximum polar radius of garlic clove 3. (b) Orientation adjustment for garlic clove 3.

Figure 18. Orientation adjustment result for garlic clove 3 in Figure 7(b) (polar radius curve processed by the wavelet packet). (a) the maximum polar radius of garlic clove 3. (b) Orientation adjustment for garlic clove 3.

Figure 19. Orientation adjustment results for the garlic cloves in Figure 7(c) (polar radius curve without wavelet packet processing). (a) the maximum polar radius of garlic clove 4. (b) Maximum polar radius of garlic clove 5. (c) Orientation adjustment result for garlic clove 4. (d) Orientation adjustment result for garlic clove 5.

Figure 20. Orientation adjustment results for the garlic cloves in Figure 7(c) (polar radius curve processed by the wavelet packet). (a) the maximum polar radius of garlic clove 4. (b) Maximum polar radius of garlic clove 5. (c) Orientation adjustment result for garlic clove 4. (d) Orientation adjustment result for garlic clove 5.

Figure 21. Original image.

Figure 22. Binary image.

Figure 23. Results of orientation adjustment for corn kernels.

Figure 24. Original polar radius curve for the 4th corn kernel.

Figure 25. Layer 4 reconstruction signal for the 4th corn kernel.

Figure 26. Original polar radius curve for the 7th corn kernel. Fig. 27. Layer 4 reconstruction signal for the 7th corn kernel.

Figure 27. Layer 4 reconstruction signal for the 7th corn kernel.

Table 3. Relevant data of corn kernel polar radius signals processed by the wavelet packet.

	Polar radius signal processed by the wavelet packet
	Corn kernel 1	Corn kernel 2	Corn kernel 3	Corn kernel 4	Corn kernel 5	Corn kernel 6	Corn kernel 7
Centroid after shearing	(68.93,67.47)	(61.18,53.37)	(49.30,96.31)	(51.89,68.41)	(66.18,64.93)	(67.67,62.91)	(55.44,65.14)
$\left(B_x,B_y\right)$	(138,108)	(111,48)	(26,17)	(23,142)	(34,17)	(16,86)	(55,119)
$x$	69.07	49.82	23.30	28.89	32.18	51.67	0.44
$y$	40.53	5.37	79.31	73.59	47.93	23.09	53.86
$\theta$(degrees)	120.4	83.84	343.63	201.44	326.12	245.92	180.47

Data Availability statement

Data will be provided on request ([email protected]).