Polyphenolic Extract of Ichnocarpus Frutescens Attenuates Diabetic Complications in Streptozotocin-Treated Diabetic Rats

Figures & data

Table 1 Aldose reductase inhibitory activity of polyphenolic extract of I. frutescens on rat isolated lens enzyme

Drug treatment	AR activity (Δ OD at 340 nm (nm/min/mg protein)	% Inhibition
Control	0.105 ± 0.0030	—
PPE
75 (μg/mL)	0.098 ± 0.0017^NS	43.50%
150 (μg/mL)	0.042 ± 0.0029	63.43%
300 (μg/mL)	0.072 ± 0.0023	52.10%

Values are expressed as mean ± SEM of three experiments.

*p < 0.01 compared with control; NS = non-significant when compared with control.

Figure 1. Effect of polyphenolic extract on intrperitoneal tolerance text (IPGTT) on glucose (2 g/kg) loaded rats. Values are expressed mean SEM ± of six animals. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.001 compared with glucose loaded rats.

Table 2 Effect of oral administration of polyphenolic extract (PPE) of I. frutescens on serum biochemical and urinary profiles of vehicle-treated and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic nephropathic rats after the eight-week treatment

Biochemical parameters	Vehicle control	Diabetic control	PPE (150 mg/kg)	PPE (300 mg/kg)
Kidney weight (g)	2.68 ± 0.089	3.80 ± 0.098	3.49 ± .077^NS	2.90 ± 0.079
Serum profiles
Total cholesterol	45.36 ± 1.24	117.2 ± 1.46	84.82 ± 2.48	63.40 ± 1.75
Triglycerides	65.28 ± 1.77	145.5 ± 2.73	127.66 ± 2.33	105.66 ± 3.03
Urea	54.33 ± 2.16	94.84 ± 2.71	73.76 ± 1.33	63.00 ± 1.77
Creatinine	0.367 ± 0.022	0.773 ± 0.027	0.617 ± 0.019	0.450 ± 0.015
Total protein	6.73 ± 0.211	4.23 ± 0.311	5.48 ± 0.201	5.72 ± 0.261
Urinary profiles
Protein	18.72 ± 1.16	86.01 ± 1.93	64.88 ± 2.0	43.01 ± 1.40
Albumin	81.33 ± 1.43	254.34 ± 4.42	158.00± 2.63	108.34 ± 2.70

Values are expressed as mean ± SEM.

*p < 0.01 compared with diabetic controls; NS = non significant when compared with diabetic controls.

Figure 2. Body weight (g) in polyphenolic extract (PPE) treated diabetic rats. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 6). * * P < 0.01 with respect to theire initial values.

Figure 3. Effect of polyphenolic extract on blood glucose levels in normal and diabetic rats for 8 weeks. Data are mean of six rats for normal and experimental groups, respectively. **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05 compared with diabetic control of respective week.

Figure 4. Effect of polyphenolic extract (PPE) on renal antioxidant enzymes from normal and strptozotocin treated diabetic rats. Values are expressed as mean SEM of six animasl in each group. **P < 0.01 and *P < 0.05 compare with diabetic animals.

Figure 5. Effect of polyphenolic extract (PPE) on reanl reduced glutethione (GSH) from normal and diabetic rats. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM of six animals each. **P < 0.01 compared with diabetic control.

Figure 6. Effect of polyphenolic extract (PPE) on renal lipid peroxidation (LPO) from normal and diabetic rats. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM of six animals each. ** P < 0.01 compared with diabetic control.

Figure 7. Light microscopes of the glomeruli. Paraffin-impeded sections of the renal cortex were stained with hematoxylin. Representative light microscope (magnification ×200) from each of the rat groups are shown: (A) Normal glomerulus from non-diabetic rat at eight weeks; (B) glomerulus from untreated STZ diabetic rats at eight weeks showing hypertrophy; irregular, denued glomerular basement membrane, mesangial expansion; and global glomerulosclerosis; with the symptoms of early diabetic nephropathy symptoms; (C) glomerulus from rats treated with eight weeks of PPE, depicting partial reversal of glomerulosclerosis.

Figure 8. Panel D shows the normal tubulointerstitial structure of vehicle-treated rat kidneys. Panels E and F show prominent interstitial damage, tubular hypertrophy, inflammatory cell infiltration, and thickening of tubular basement membrane in the STZ diabetic control rats. Panels G and H from polyphenolic extract-treated rat kidney show improved structure of tubulointerstitial with minimal injury.

Figure 9. Effect of polyphenolic extract on the reaction time in diabetic mice using tail immersion in hot water (55 ± 0.5°C). Values are expressed as mean ± SEM of six animals. **P < 0.01 and *P < 0.05 compare with diabetic animals.

Figure 10. Effect of polyphenolic extract on the reaction time in diabetic mice using hot plate (55 ± 1°C) method. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM of six animals in each groups. **P < 0.01 and *P < 0.05 compare with diabetic animals.