Effects of pomegranate seed oil on oxidative stress markers, serum biochemical parameters and pathological findings in kidney and heart of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Figures & data

Table 1. Initial and the final body weight and the weight of heart in all groups.

	Parameters
Groups	Initial body weight (g)	Final body weight (g)	Weight of heart (g)	Weight of heart/body
Con (3 weeks)	245.7 ± 9.05	253.2 ± 12.18	0.63 ± 0.02	0.0025
Con (4 weeks)	245.7 ± 9.05	263.9 ± 11.14	0.65 ± 0.01	0.0025
STZ Group (3 weeks)	271.1 ± 14.12	217.8 ± 11.54**	0.65 ± 0.08	0.0029
STZ Group (4 weeks)	271.9 ± 14.12	212.3 ± 11.05**	0.69 ± 0.07	0.0032*
PSO (0.4 mL/kg, 3 weeks)	258.1 ± 4.55	206.3 ± 3.22**	0.67 ± 0.1	0.0032*
PSO (0.4 mL/kg, 4 weeks)	258.1 ± 4.55	203.5 ± 9.88**	0.68 ± 0.08	0.0033*
PSO (0.8 mL/kg, 3 weeks)	259.7 ± 6.33	224.4 ± 7.62*	0.72 ± 0.09	0.0032*
PSO (0.8 mL/kg, 4 weeks)	259.7 ± 6.33	219.1 ± 6.32*	0.74 ± 0.11	0.0033*

Data expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 6).

* p < 0.05;

** p < 0.01; compared with control group at the same time.

Table 2. The serum level of CRP, glucose, lipid profile, and number of mortality in rats.

	Parameters
Groups	Glucose (mg/dL)	TG (mg/dL)	Chol (mg/dL)	HDL-C (mg/dL)	LDL-C (mg/dL)	CRP	Mortality
Con (3 weeks)	87.2 ± 12.4***	87.1 ± 7.2	55.2 ± 6.1*	32.2 ± 3.8	15.8 ± 2.1**	All −	Non
Con (4 weeks)	85.3 ± 13.2***	81.9 ± 6.9*	77.1 ± 5.8	31.5 ± 3.9	16.1 ± 2.1	All −	Non
STZ Group (3 weeks)	468.2 ± 29.5	90.3 ± 6.8	77.1 ± 4.9	30.1 ± 3.5	28.8 ± 3.5	All −	Non
STZ Group (4 weeks)	466.2 ± 32.5	101.2 ± 9.8	69.2 ± 7.1	29.5 ± 3.6	19.8 ± 2.4	2 +	1
PSO (0.4 mL/kg, 3 weeks)	371.3 ± 31.5**	56.3 ± 4.5**	60.3 ± 5.9	29.6 ± 2.7	14.6 ± 2.2	All −	Non
PSO (0.4 mL/kg, 4 weeks)	366.2 ± 27.5**	54.2 ± 5.1**	58.8 ± 6.2*	29.3 ± 2.9	14.4 ± 2.8**	All −	Non
PSO (0.8 mL/kg, 3 weeks)	315.6 ± 30.9**	46.9 ± 4.3**	72.1 ± 7.1	34.4 ± 4.1*	20.6 ± 1.9*	All −	Non
PSO (0.8 mL/kg, 4 weeks)	308.2 ± 35.4**	41.7 ± 4.5**	68.8 ± 6.8	34.2 ± 3.8*	20.2 ± 2.3	All −	Non

Data expressed as mean ± SD (n = 6).

* p < 0.05;

** p < 0.01;

*** p < 0.001 compared with STZ-treated group at the same time.

Table 3. Serum level of CK and LDH activity.

	Parameters
Groups	LDH (mu/L)	CK (mu/L)
Con (3 weeks)	578.2 ± 24.9***	1438.1 ± 152.2***
Con (4 weeks)	613.6 ± 32.6***	1285.1 ± 144.2**
STZ Group (3 weeks)	3352.5 ± 257.9	4944.5 ± 368.2
STZ Group (4 weeks)	2464.9 ± 195.6	2001.8 ± 206.3
PSO (0.4 mL/kg, 3 weeks)	3072.3 ± 223.3	1072.9 ± 95.6***
PSO (0.4 mL/kg, 4 weeks)	2720.4 ± 212.5*	969.5 ± 85.6***
PSO (0.8 mL/kg, 3 weeks)	1240.5 ± 145.2**	738.3 ± 104.5***
PSO (0.8 mL/kg, 4 weeks)	1155.2 ± 188.5**	698.5 ± 112.3***

Data expressed as mean ± SD (n = 6).

* p < 0.05;

** p < 0.01;

*** p < 0.001 compared with STZ-treated group at the same time.

Figure 1. Effect of PSO on serum creatinine and urea. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 compared with STZ-treated group at the same time.

Table 4. Urine volume, glucose and protein.

	Parameters
Groups	Urine protein (mg/L)	Urine glucose (mg/dL)	Urine volume (mL)
Con (3 weeks)	272.5 ± 42.2***	45.2 ± 5.1***	11.6 ± 2.3***
Con (4 weeks)	260.2 ± 33.5***	41.2 ± 3.5***	13 ± 3.1***
STZ Group (3 weeks)	805.2 ± 21.2	746.±21.2	84.1 ± 3.4
STZ Group (4 weeks)	822.3 ± 18.5	777.2 ± 33.6	88.2 ± 6.9
PSO (0.4 mL/kg, 3 weeks)	620.2 ± 19.2*	711.3 ± 18.5	62.6 ± 4.3*
PSO (0.4 mL/kg, 4 weeks)	611.1 ± 15.2*	705.2 ± 22.5	59.5 ± 5.1*
PSO (0.8 mL/kg, 3 weeks)	598.5 ± 22.5*	615.2 ± 12.9*	44.5 ± 6.2*
PSO (0.8 mL/kg, 4 weeks)	590.7 ± 20.2*	609.2 ± 19.5*	41.2 ± 5.5*

Data expressed as mean ± SD (n = 6).

* p < 0.05;

*** p < 0.001 compared with STZ-treated group at the same time.

Figure 2. Effect of PSO on MDA and total thiol content of tissue homogenates. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 compared with STZ-treated group at the same time.

Figure 3. Comparison of structural changes in the kidney due to injection of STZ and treatment by PSO between groups. (A) Represents a normal rat kidney. All anatomical structures look normal (×100), (B) group 2 treated with STZ 65 mg/kg, severe inflammatory cells infiltration and hyaline casts (×400), and (C) minimal inflammatory cells infiltration and moderate glomerular congestion have been seen (×400).

Figure 4. Comparison of structural changes in the heart due to injection of STZ and treatment by PSO between groups. (A) Represents a normal rat cardiomyocyte. All anatomical structures look normal (×400), (B) group 2 treated with STZ 65 mg/kg, disperse and centralized cardiomyocytes degeneration and inflammatory cells infiltration (×400), (C) pericardial infiltration in STZ-treated group (×400), and (D) group 4 treated with PSO 0.8 mL/kg, followed by STZ injection, lesser histopathological findings than STZ-treated group (×400).