Relationship between hepatitis B virus infection and chronic kidney disease in Asian populations: a meta-analysis

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flow diagram of studies of hepatitis B virus-related kidney disease considered for inclusion.

Table 1. Characteristics and outcomes of studies included in the meta-analysis.

	Huang et al. (9)	Ishizaka et al. (20)	Lee et al. (10)	Zeng et al. (19)	Chen et al. (21)	Senghore et al. (22)
Reference year	2006	2008	2010	2014	2015	2013
Patients (n)	9934	12,535	54,966	15,549	88,980	7745
Country	Taiwan	Japan	Taiwan	China	Taiwan	Taiwan
Study type	CS	CS	CS	CS	RC	CS
Follow-up	NA	NA	NA	NA	13yr	NA
HBV positive (%)	13.7	1	9.9	5.0	20	7.4
Outcome	Proteinuria: urineprotein, >1+	Low eGFR:<60 ml/min/1.73 m^2;proteinuria: UAER, >30 mg/g; CKD: low eGFR or proteinuria.	Low eGFR:<60 ml/min/1.73 m^2;proteinuria: UAER, >30 mg/g; CKD: low eGFR or proteinuria.	Low eGFR:<60 ml/min/1.73 m^2;proteinuria: UAER, >30 mg/g; CKD: low eGFR or proteinuria.	CKD stages 1–5: based on ICD-9-CM code 585.	Low eGFR: <60 ml/min/1.73 m^2; CKD stages 1–5: based on K/DOQI.
Age (yr)	55.2 ± 6.0	55.3 ± 10.6/53.1 ± 10.6	60.8 ± 11.5	49.2 ± 9.3	NA	18.9 ± 0.5
Male, n (%)	4291 (43)	8054 (64.3)	17,168 (31)	10,509 (67.6)	52,140 (58.6)	3265 (42.2)
Patients with diabetes, n (%)	1241 (12.5)	NA	5302 (9.6)	1508 (9.7)	6841 (7.7)	NA
Adjusted OR (95% CI)	0.94 (0.75–1.17)	0.51 (0.28–0.92) 0.50 (0.23–1.05) 0.49 (0.30–0.81)	1.07 (0.95–1.15) 1.04 (0.91–1.20) 1.04 (0.96–1.14)	0.86 (0.26, 2.89) 1.27 (0.85, 1.89) 1.23 (0.83, 1.80)	2.58 (1.95–3.42)	1.10 (0.77–1.58) 1.11 (0.86–1.43)

All percentages represent the proportion of the total study population. CS: cross-sectional; RC: retrospective cohort; NA: not available; OR: odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; eGFR: estimated GFR; low eGFR: < 60 ml/min per 1.73 m²; UAER: urine albumin excretion ratio; K/DOQI: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative.

Figure 2. Summary estimate for RR of CKD according to HBsAg serologic status (A) Summary estimate for OR of CKD according to HBsAg serologic status; (B) Summary estimate for adjusted RR of CKD according to HBsAg serologic status; (C) Begg’s funnel plot; (D) Egger’s funnel plot.

Figure 3. Summary estimate for RR of low eGFR according to HBsAg serologic status (A) Summary estimate for OR of low eGFR according to HBsAg serologic status; (B) Summary estimate for adjusted RR of low eGFR according to HBsAg serologic status; (C) Begg’s funnel plot; (D) Egger’s funnel plot.

Figure 4. Summary estimate for RR of proteinuria according to HBsAg serologic status (A) Summary estimate for OR of proteinuria according to HBsAg serologic status; (B) Summary estimate for adjusted RR of proteinuria according to HBsAg serologic status; (C) Begg’s funnel plot; (D) Egger’s funnel plot.