Endocan and albuminuria in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Figures & data

Table 1. Between-group comparisons of demographic data, blood pressures, albuminuria, proteinuria, eGFR, and endocan levels.

Variable	Group 1 mean ± SD	Group 2 mean ± SD	Group 3 mean ± SD	Normal value	p values	Type of distribution
Age	56.78 ± 7.48	54.47 ± 8.60	58.28 ± 9.21		.110	ND
BMI (kg/m^2)	29.96 ± 6.12	33.28 ± 6.18	33.14 ± 7.90	17–25	.010	ND
Post hoc p values for BMI: G1–G2 p: .005, G1–G3 p: .035, G2–G3 p: .626
UACR (mg/g)	9.77 ± 6.58	85.30 ± 66.31	1171.54 ± 911.25	<30	<.001	NND
Post hoc adjusted p values for UACR: G1–G2 p: <.001, G1–G3 p: <.001, G2–G3 p: <.001
UPCR (mg/g)	98.34 ± 42.89	211.72 ± 104.19	1615.20 ± 1124.30	<0.200	<.001	NND
Post hoc adjusted p values for UPCR: G1–G2 p:<.001, G1–G3 p: <.001, G2–G3 p: <.001
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m^2)	99.85 ± 16.82	103.72 ± 24.03	97.20 ± 21.95	>90	.361	ND
Urea (mmol/L)	11.47 ± 2.86	11.18 ± 3.57	11.79 ± 3.86	2.9–8.2	.720	ND
Creatinine (μmol/L)	66.3 ± 11.49	68.07 ± 15.91	69.84 ± 12.38	53–106	.500	ND
Endocan (ng/L)	495.45 ± 344.82	450.73 ± 311.16	379.96 ± 189.95	Unknown	.029	NND
Post hoc adjusted p values for endocan: G1–G2 p: .159, G1–G3 p: .039, G2–G3 p: 1
Duration of diabetes (years)	10.15 ± 6.56	9.85 ± 5.91	13.91 ± 9.45		.072	NND
Duration of insulin use (years)	2.13 ± 4.74	2.89 ± 3.78	4.37 ± 5.25		.018	NND
Post hoc adjusted p values for duration of insulin use: G1–G2 p: .182, G1–G3 p: .019, G2–G3 p: .996
SBP (mmHg)	133.27 ± 24.04	132.12 ± 18.28	145.71 ± 23.42	<135	.015	NND
Post hoc adjusted p values for systolic blood pressure: G1–G2 p: 1, G1–G3 p: .020, G2–G3 p: .043
DBP (mmHg)	75.54 ± 8.95	74.78 ± 9.60	79.71 ± 7.06	<85	.037	NND
Post hoc adjusted p values for diastolic blood pressure: G1–G2 p: 1, G1–G3 p: .110, G2–G3 p: .044

ND: normal distribution; NND: non-normal distribution; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure.

Table 2. Demographic data, regular use of medications, and diabetic complications.

Variable	G1(n = 55)	G2(n = 47)	G3(n = 35)	pvalues
Male/female, no/no	37/18	33/14	25/10	.905
Smoker, no	11	8	10	.487
Ex-smoker, no	2	7	6	.076
Menopause, no	33	24	20	.212
Pretibial edema, no	8	10	9	.468
Hypertensive patients, no	39	37	30	.253
Retinopathy, no	9	10	15	.071
Neuropathy, no	20	21	20	.150
ACE inhibitor or angiotensinreceptor blockers, no	29	25	21	.769
Thiazide, no	15	10	8	.764
Beta-blocker, no	5	9	4	.306
Alpha-blocker, no	0	1	0	.381
Dihydropyridine CCB, no	7	4	10	.035
Oral antidiabetics, no	53	45	34	.217
Insulin, no	15	20	20	.017
Fenofibrate	4	5	2	.387
Statin	6	4	1	.694
Acetyl salicylic acid	29	26	25	.187
Gabapentin or pregabalin	12	10	12	.209
Alpha lipoic acid	11	12	10	.625

Table 3. Comparison of complete blood count and biochemistry data between three groups.

Variable	G1 mean ± SD	G2 mean ± SD	G3 mean ± SD	Normal value	p Values	Type of distribution
Glucose, mmol/L	9.25 ± 3.50	9.77 ± 3.63	9.24 ± 3.01	3.9–6.1	.700	ND
HbA1c	0.07 ± 0.02	0.08 ± 0.02	0.07 ± 0.01	0.04–0.07	.737	NND
Total protein, g/L	73.20 ± 5.10	75.10 ± 3.90	73.60 ± 4.80	60–80	.120	ND
Albumin, g/L	43.30 ± 2.50	44 ± 2.10	42.20 ± 2.50	35–50	.003	NND
Post hoc adjusted p values for albumin: G1–G2 p: .436, G1–G3 p: .082, G2–G3 p: .002
AST, μkat/L	0.39 ± 0.27	0.31 ± 0.15	0.30 ± 0.12	0.17–0.51	.059	NND
ALT, μkat/L	0.52 ± 0.41	0.42 ± 0.30	0.38 ± 0.18	0.17–0.68	.200	NND
ALP, μkat/L	1.34 ± 0.39	85.49 ± 22.23	1.43 ± 0.46	0.5–2.0	.440	ND
GGT, μkat/L	0.53 ± 0.59	0.55 ± 0.40	0.52 ± 26.78	0.03–0.51	.379	NND
Calcium, mmol/L	2.43 ± 0.07	2.45 ± 0.07	2.41 ± 0.07	2.05–2.55	.050	NND
Phosphorus, mmol/L	1.19 ± 0.17	1.33 ± 0.19	1.19 ± 0.15	0.74–1.52	.061	NND
Transferrin saturation %	23.24 ± 9.75	19.66 ± 7.87	19.74 ± 8.38	20–40	.072	ND
Ferritin, pmol/L	132.60 ± 119.05	126.62 ± 172.28	120.08 ± 84.02	33.450	.900	ND
Vitamin B12, pmol/L	347.28 ± 252.48	291.17 ± 151.62	312.64 ± 179.76	118–701	.617	NND
Folic acid, nmol/L	18.22 ± 6.82	19.03 ± 6.03	17.11 ± 7.64	7–36	.450	ND
TSH, mIU/L	1.66 ± 0.99	1.72 ± 0.90	1.93 ± 0.89	0.4–4.2	.400	ND
fT3, pmol/L	4.22 ± 0.59	4.10 ± 0.62	4.03 ± 0.48	2.0–7.0	.417	NND
fT4, pmol/L	13.44 ± 1.61	13.26 ± 1.88	13.01 ± 1.94	12–30	.530	ND
WBC, ×10^9/L	7.41 ± 1.67	7.60 ± 1.95	8.18 ± 2.07	4.5–11.0	.171	ND
Neutrophils, ×10^9/L	4.24 ± 1.48	4.28 ± 1.41	5.10 ± 1.80	1.8–7.8	.020	ND
Post hoc p values for neutrophils: G1–G2 p: .019, G1–G3 p: .011, G2–G3 p: .884
Lymphocyte, ×10^9/L	2.60 ± 0.66	2.57 ± 0.86	2.38 ± 0.73	1–4.8	.370	ND
Hemoglobin, g/L	130.1 ± 132.5	132.5 ± 15.4	127.2 ± 14.4	140–175	.320	ND
Hematocrit, %	0.39 ± 0.37	0.40 ± 0.43	0.39 ± 0.38	0.41–0.50	.300	ND
RBC, ×10^12/L	4.58 ± 0.47	4.64 ± 0.47	4.62 ± 0.44	3.9–5.5	.800	ND
MCV, fL	86.74 ± 4.95	87.55 ± 5.21	85.47 ± 7.53	80–100	.258	NND
MCH, pg/cell	28.84 ± 1.98	28.91 ± 2.01	27.97 ± 3.01	26–34	.326	NND
RDW-CV, %	15.43 ± 1.75	15.55 ± 1.78	16.09 ± 1.76	14–17	.205	ND
MPV, fL	8.24 ± 1.06	7.83 ± 1.14	8.57 ± 1.61	9–17	.016	NND
Post hoc adjusted p values for MPV: G1–G2 p: .076, G1–G3 p: 1, G2–G3 p: .025
PDW, %	17.81 ± 1.41	17.89 ± 1.18	18.53 ± 1.64	16–20	.120	NND
PLT, ×10^9/L	266.62 ± 56.26	268.60 ± 56.36	268.60 ± 56.36	150–350	.220	ND
25 OH vitamin D3, nmol/L	44.33 ± 48.57	37.44 ± 36.24	30.73 ± 24.54	35–150	.158	NND
LDH, μkat/L	3.08 ± 0.54	3.10 ± 0.56	3.22 ± 0.69	1.7–3.4	.490	ND
ESR, mm/h	15.32 ± 11.96	16.87 ± 14.53	20.85 ± 17.49	0–20	.353	NND
PTH, ng/dL	61.05 ± 21.55	66.7 ± 34.08	69.34 ± 31.88	10–65	.711	NND
CRP, nmol/L	3.71 ± 3.24	5.33 ± 6.00	6.10 ± 7.33	0.76–28.5	.298	NND
Triglyceride, mmol/L	1.70 ± 1.04	2.55 ± 2.42	2.43 ± 1.45	<1.8	.010	NND
Post hoc adjusted p values for triglycerides: G1–G2 p: .061, G1–G3 p: .017, G2–G3 p: 1
HDL, mmol/L	1.34 ± 0.33	1.25 ± 0.25	1.24 ± 0.18	<1.03	.110	ND
LDL, mmol/L	3.30 ± 0.84	3.22 ± 0.93	3.42 ± 1.05	<4.14	.620	ND
Sodium, mmol/L	139.96 ± 2.30	139.14 ± 1.96	139.44 ± 2.47	136–142	.080	ND
Potassium, mmol/L	4.47 ± 0.44	4.52 ± 0.4	4.56 ± 0.47	3.5–5.0	.620	ND

ND: normal distribution; NND: non-normal distribution.

Table 4. UACR as the dependent variable in LRA.

Independent variables	Unstandardized coefficients		Standardized coefficients	t	Sig.
	B	Std. error	Beta
(Constant)	−2054.150	762.131		−2.695	.008
Duration of diabetes	20.683	7.721	.219	2.679	.008
Systolic blood pressure	6.793	2.475	.227	2.745	.007
Endocan	−.392	.183	−.176	−2.137	.034
PDW (platelet distribution width)	79.276	39.100	.166	2.028	.045

R²: .157; adjusted R²: .130; F: 5.898.