Luteolin ameliorates colistin-induced nephrotoxicity in the rat models

Figures & data

Table 1. Comparison of pretreatment and post-treatment serum creatinine levels.

	Pretreatmentcreatinine (mg/dl)	Post-treatmentcreatinine (mg/dl)	p
Normal Saline Group	0.36 ± 0.01	0.34 ± 0.05	.343
Colistin Group	0.26 ± 0.03	0.8 ± 0.02	.028
Luteolin Group	0.28 ± 0.07	0.29 ± 0.02	.752
Colistin + N-Luteolin Group	0.39 ± 0.03	0.51 ± 0.19	.173

Note: Paired-samples t-test was used for the statistical evaluation.

Figure 1. Total histopathological scoring and BrdU DNA fragmentation scores between groups.

Figure 2. Histopathologic findings. (A, H&E; ×200) This picture shows degenere-necrotic tubules (arrows) in Kolistin group. (B, H&E; ×400) High magnification, vacuolar degeneration (arrowhead) and tubular dilatation in tubules. (C, H&E; ×600) High magnification, necrotic tubules with prominent nucleoli. (D, H&E; ×400) This picture displays extensive cortical necrosis (grade 3) without glomerular damage in Kolistin group. (E, H&E; ×400) Decreased tubular damage (arrows) seen in Kolistin and Luteolin group. (F, H&E; ×200) Improved toxicity with minimal tubular damage seen in Luteolin group (compare to D).

Figure 3. Immuno-fluorescent findings: Insitu BrdU DNA fragmentation; (A) scarce apoptotic cells at the tubulus epithelium in the Control Group (orange; ×200). (B) (red; ×200). (C) (blue; ×200). (D) Apoptotic cells that display significant signal density at the tubulus epithelium in the Colistin Group (orange; ×200). (E) (red; ×200). (F) (blue; ×200). (G) Apoptotic cells that display sparse signal density at the tubulus epithelium in the Luteolin group (orange; ×200). (H) (red; ×200). (I) (blue; ×200). (J) Apoptotic cells that display sporadic intensive signal density at the tubulus epithelium in the Colistin Group + Luteolin Group (orange; ×200). (K) (red; ×200). (L) (blue; ×200).

Table 2. TUNEL results and renal histological damage scoring in all experimental groups.

	Sterile Saline Group	Colistin Group	Luteolin Group	Colistin + Luteolin Group	p
Rate of apoptosis	1.17 ± 0.75	16.67 ± 2.16	1.5 ± 1.05	4.17 ± 1.17	.001^a
Total histological damage score^a	0 (0–0)	9 (7–10.5)	1 (0–3)	4 (3–6)	.0001^b

^a One-way ANOVA.

^b Kruskal–Wallis (Mann–Whitney U test with Bonferroni correction in comparison of two groups).

^c Number of apoptotic cells under each 400 magnifications of light microscopy.