Sodium excretion and associated factors in urine samples of African descendants in Alcântara, Brazil: a population based study

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographic, socioeconomic and anthropometric characteristics of African descendants in Alcântara-MA, 2013.

	Total	Hypertensives	Normotensives
Variable	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	p value
Age (Years)				<.001
18–29	360.0 (31.0)	30.0 (12.2)	330.0 (36.1)
30–39	279.0 (24.0)	46.0 (18.6)	233.0 (25.5)
40–49	285.0 (24.5)	69.0 (27.9)	216.0 (23.6)
50–59	238.0 (20.5)	102.0 (41.3)	136.0 (14.8)
Gender				.521
Female	567.0 (48.8)	125.0 (56.0)	442.0 (48.3)
Male	595.0 (51.2)	122.0 (44.0)	473.0 (51.7)
Skin color				<.001
White	121.0 (10.0)	36.0 (14.6)	85.0 (9.3)
Black or brown	1034.0 (89.5)	207.0 (83.8)	827.0 (90.5)
Others	6.0 (0.5)	6.0 (1.6)	2.0 (0.2)
Education				<.001
≤8 y	680.0 (58.6)	176.0 (71.3)	504.0 (55.2)
>8 y	480.0 (41.4)	71.0 (28.7)	409.0 (44.8)
CCEB				.560
B	2.0 (0.2)	1.0 (0.4)	1.0 (0.1)
C	128.0 (11.1)	29.0 (11.8)	99.0 (10.9)
D and E	1026 (88.7)	216.0 (80.8)	810.0 (89.0)
Income (minimum wage)				.757
No fixed income	575.0 (49.5)	119.0 (48.2)	456.0 (49.8)
Up to 1	410.0 (35.3)	85.0 (47.9)	325.0 (35.6)
>1–2	130.0 (11.2)	32.0 (13.0)	98.0 (10.7)
>2	47.0 (4.0)	11.0 (4.4)	36 (3.9)
Smoker				.948
Yes	121.0(10.4)	26.0 (10.5)	95.0 (10.4)
No/Former	1041.0 (89.6)	221.0 (89.5)	820.0 (89.6)
Alcoholism				.310
Yes	546.0 (47.0)	109.0 (44.1)	437.0 (47.8)
No/Former	616.0 (53.0)	1038.0 (55.9)	478.0 (52.2)
BMI (kg/m^2)				<.001
Slim	25.0 (2.1)	3.0 (1.2)	22.0 (2.4)
Eutrophic	598.0 (51.5)	85.0 (34.4)	513.0 (56.1)
Overweight	386.0 (33.2)	101.0 (40.9)	285.0 (31.1)
Obese	153.0 (13.2)	58.0 (23.5)	95.0 (10.4)
WC (cm)				<.001
Normal	633.0 (54.5)	92.0 (37.3)	541.0 (59.1)
High risk	181.0 (15.6)	48.0 (19.4)	133.0 (14.5)
Very high risk	348.0 (30.0)	107.0 (43.3)	241.0 (26.3)

CCEB: Brazilian Economic Classification; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference.

Table 2. Characteristics according to biochemical variables of African descendants, Alcântara-MA, 2013.

	Total	Hypertensives	Normotensives
Variable	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	p value
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)				<.001
<100 mg/dL	733.0 (63.1)	121.0 (49.0)	612.0 (67.0)
≥100 mg/dL	428.0 (36.9)	126.0 (51.0)	302.0 (33.0)	<.001
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)
<200	758.0 (66.3)	121.0 (49.8)	637.0 (70.7)
≥200 and <240	276.0 (24.2)	74.0 (30.4)	202.0 (22.4)
≥240	110.0 (9.6)	48.0 (19.8)	62.0 (6.9)	.705
HDL-c (mg/dL)
≥40 for females and ≥50 for male.	651.0 (56.1)	136.0 (55.1)	515.0 (56.4)
<40 for female and <50 for male.	509.0 (43.9)	110.0 (44.9)	398.0 (43.6)
LDL-c (mg/dL)				<.001
<130	808.0 (70.6)	134.0 (55.1)	674.0 (74.7)
≥130 and <160	224.0 (19.6)	63.0 (25.9)	161.0 (17.9)
≥160	113.0 (9.9)	46.0 (19.0)	67.0 (7.4)
Triglycerides (mg/dL)				<.001
<150	897.0 (77.2)	161.0 (65.2)	736.0 (80.4)
≥150 and <200	141.0 (12.1)	36.0 (14.6)	105.0 (11.5)
≥200	124.0 (10.7)	50.0 (20.2)	74.0 (8.1)
Creatinine (mg/dL)				.298
0.40–1.40	1158.0 (99.7)	247.0 (100.0)	911.0 (99.6)
>1.40	4.0 (0.3)	0.0 (0.0)	4.0 (0.4)
CKD-EPI (mL/min/1.73 m^2)				.468
≥60	1156.0 (99.5)	245.0 (99.2)	911.0 (99.6)
<60	6.0 (0.5)	2.0 (0.8)	4.0 (0.4)

HDLc: HDL-cholesterol; LDLc: LDL cholesterol; CKD-EPI: Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology.

Table 3. Unadjusted and adjusted regression of associated factors for the estimate of the urinary sodium excretion of African descendants, Alcântara-MA, 2013.

	Unadjusted			Adjusted
Variable	OR	p value	CI 95%	OR	p value	CI 95%
Age	1.02	.519	0.96–1.08
Women	0.97	.554	0.86–1.08
BMI	1.13	<.001	1.07–1.20
WC	1.16	<.001	1.10–1.23	1.16	.010	1.03–1.30
Fasting glucose	1.08	.005	1.02–1.15
Triglycerides	1.11	<.001	1.05–1.17	1.13	.001	1.05–1.22
HDL-c	1.00	.930	0.94–1.06
LDL-c	1.01	.840	0.95–1.07
Average SBP	1.18	<.001	1.11–1.25	1.19	<.001	1.08–1.32
Average DBP	1.14	<.001	1.07–1.20
CKD-EPI	1.09	.004	1.03–1.15	1.24	<.001	1.15–1.35
Hypertensive	1.25	.002	1.08–1.43

OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; HDL-c: high-density lipoproteins-cholesterol; LDL-c: low-density lipoproteins-cholesterol; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; CKD-EPI: Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology.