Risk factors analysis for hyperuricemic nephropathy among CKD stages 3–4 patients: an epidemiological study of hyperuricemia in CKD stages 3–4 patients in Ningbo, China

Figures & data

Table 1. The clinical and biochemical characteristics of CKD patients in this study and the differences among groups.

Parameters	Groups			p value
	Normal type	Underexeret type	Overproduct type
Patients (n, %)	193 (41.87%)	164 (35.57%)	104 (22.56%)	<.0001
Age (years)	45.9 ± 7.3	48.1 ± 10.0	56.9 ± 9.2	<.0001
BMI	23.1 ± 3.3	24.1 ± 4.2	25.6 ± 3.4	=.0284
WHR	0.9 ± 0.3	1.0 ± 0.4	1.1 ± 0.3	=.0320
Roasted fish consumption (g/d)	11.9 ± 6.6	18.3 ± 6.8	35.9 ± 11.9	<.0001
Alcohol consumption (mL/d)	20.6 ± 7.1	33.5 ± 10.5	42.9 ± 13.9	<.0001
Smoking (times/d, mean)	8.8 ± 5.3	12.4 ± 5.7	16.8 ± 10.4	=.0763
Water consumption (L/d)	1.4 ± 0.7	1.1 ± 0.4	0.9 ± 0.4	=.0219
Primary SUA (μmol/L)	353.9 ± 68.1	387.8 ± 62.4	398.8 ± 63.4	=.0274
Primary UUA (mmol/L)	4.0 ± 0.6	4.3 ± 0.7	4.7 ± 0.8	=.2976
HN (%, n)	68.4% (132/193)	87.6% (147/164)	88.6% (92/104)	<.0001
p.5 d SUA (μmol/L)	290.6 ± 67.7	315.1 ± 61.8	350.5 ± 57.9	=.0071
p.5 d UUA (mmol/L)	1.9 ± 0.4	3.2 ± 0.3	4.5 ± 0.8	<.0001
TG/HDL ratio	3.1 ± 1.1	3.4 ± 0.9	3.9 ± 0.5	=.0027
CHO (mg/dL)	4.7 ± 0.8	4.9 ± 1.0	5.3 ± 1.4	=.0827
SBP (mmHg)	134.8 ± 13.2	140.7 ± 11.0	158.7 ± 15.0	<.0001
DBP (mmHg)	95.1 ± 7.2	99.9 ± 8.8	101.5 ± 6.9	=.0165
uNgal/Cr. ratio (ng/mL Cr.)	4.5 ± 0.8	5.1 ± 2.2	7.3 ± 2.3	<.0001
uKim-1/Cr. ratio (ng/mL, Cr.)	1.5 ± 0.8	3.6 ± 0.9	7.3 ± 2.3	<.0001
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m^2)	109.6 ± 19.6	102.5 ± 23.9	98.1 ± 10.6	=.0125
XOD (U/L)	3.5 ± 2.6	4.7 ± 4.1	8.8 ± 3.7	<.0001
CRP (mg/L)	26.8 ± 4.1	33.4 ± 7.8	40.4 ± 7.9	<.0001

From up to down: BMI: body mass index; WHR: waist hip ratio; SUA: serum uric acid; UUA: urine uric acid; HUA: hyperuricemia; TG: triglycerides; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; HN: hyperuricemic nephropathy; CHO: cholesterol; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; uNGAL: urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; uKim-1: urine kidney molecule-1; Cr: creatinine; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; XOD: xanthine oxidase; CRP: C-reactive protein. p(0).5 d: indicates post five days.

Table 2. Multiple linear regression analysis of the URAT1 mRNA relative expression level.

Variables	Coefficient	OR (95% CI)	p value
SUA (μmol/L)	1.125	3.435 (1.762−5.493)	<.001
CHO (mg/dL)	0.522	1.673 (1.079−2.681)	.012
SBP (mmHg)	0.518	1.520 (1.127−2.798)	.011
uNgal/Cr. ratio (ng/mL Cr.)	0.335	1.803 (1.592−2.985)	.030

From up to down: SUA: serum uric acid; CHO: cholesterol; SBP: systolic blood pressure; uNGAL: urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; Cr.: creatinine.

Figure 1. Correlation analysis for hUAT and hURAT1 mRNA relative expression levels with SUA concentrations in underexeret CKD patients.