The incidence, risk factors, and clinical outcomes of acute kidney injury (staged using the RIFLE classification) associated with intravenous acyclovir administration

Figures & data

Table 1. Baseline clinical characteristics and laboratory findings of patients.

Age (yr)	55.3 ± 17.8
Male (%)	163 (56.8)
Body weight (kg)	61.0 ± 11.8
Height (cm)	162. 9 ± 10.1
Systolic pressure (mmHg)	119.2 ± 16.2
Diastolic pressure (mmHg)	75.2 ± 11.0
Drug duration (days)	8.8 ± 5.6
Total drug doses (mg)	12527.7 ± 9096.1
Hydration (%)	149 (51.9%)
Hydration amount (ml/hr)	63.1 ± 31.8
Kinds of infusion fluid
0.45% saline	36 (22.2%)
0.90% saline	113 (77.8%)
Underlying disease
DM	44 (15.3%)
Hypertension	66 (23%)
CKD	12 (4.2%)
Cancer	105 (36.6%)
Concomitant drugs
Radiocontrast dye	61 (21.3%)
Ceftriaxone	44 (15.3%)
ARB or ACEi	13 (4.5%)
Vancomycin	16 (5.6%)
NSAIDs	24 (8.4%)
Mannitol	8 (2.8%)
Diuretics	9 (3.1%)
Laboratory findings
WBC (×10^3/uL)	7.8 ± 3.4
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	12.0 ± 2.2
Platelet (×10^3 /mm^3)	165.3 ± 54.5
Sodium (mmol/L)	138.6 ± 7.8
Potassium (mmol/L)	4.6 ± 1.4
Albumin (g/dL)	3.6 ± 0.7
BUN (mg/dL)	16.8 ± 11.6
Cr (mg/dL)	0.9 ± 0.7
CRP (mg/L)	24.2 ± 7.4

ARB: Angiotensin Receptor Blocker; ACEi: Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor; WBC: White Blood Cell; NSAIDs: Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs; CRP: C-reactive Protein; BUN: Blood Urea Nitrogen; Cr: Creatinine; DM: Diabetes Mellitus; CKD: Chronic Kidney Disease.

Figure 1. AKI categorization according to RIFLE classification.

Table 2. Clinical and laboratory data of the AKI group and non-AKI group.

	AKI group (n = 51)	Non-AKI group (n = 236)	p Value
Age (yr)	55.7 ± 15	55.2 ± 18.2	.85
Male (%)	33 (64.7%)	153 (55.1%)	.22
Body weight (kg)	65.0 ± 10.8	60.1 ± 11.8	.02
Height (cm)	166.8 ± 7.6	162.1 ± 10.4	.02
Systolic pressure (mmHg)	123.5 ± 18.7	118.3 ± 15.5	.04
Diastolic pressure (mmHg)	76.0 ± 9.7	75.1 ± 11.3	.58
Drug duration (days)	9.1 ± 6.9	8.7 ± 5.3	.59
Total drug doses (mg)	14413.1 ± 10689.4	12116.8 ± 8634.1	.10
Hydration (%)	27 (52.9%)	122 (51.6%)	1.00
Hydration amount (ml/hr)	66.7 ± 35.3	62.4 ± 31.1	.38
Kinds of infusion fluid			.63
0.45% saline	6 (22.2%)	30 (25.0%)
0.90% saline	21 (77.8%)	92 (75.0%)
Underlying disease
DM	16 (31.4%)	28 (11.9%)	.002
Hypertension	14 (27.5%)	52 (22%)	.46
CKD	1 (2.0%)	11 (4.7%)	.48
Cancer	17 (33.3%)	88 (37.3%)	.68
Concomitant drugs
Radiocontrast dye	9 (17.6%)	52 (22.0%)	.27
Ceftriaxone	8 (15.7%)	36 (15.3%)	1.00
ARB or ACEi	1 (2.0%)	12 (5.1%)	.48
Vancomycin	7 (13.7%)	9 (3.8%)	.01
NSAIDs	8 (15.7%)	16 (6.8%)	.04
Mannitol	2 (3.9%)	6 (2.5%)	.64
Diuretics	2 (3.9%)	7 (3.0%)	.66
Laboratory findings
WBC (×10^3/uL)	8.0 ± 2.6	7.6 ± 4.2	.15
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	12.3 ± 2.2	11.9 ± 2.2	.25
Platelet (×10^3 /mm^3)	152.2 ± 86.4	178.4 ± 22.6	.53
Sodium (mmol/L)	135.0 ± 19.6	136.7 ± 10.2	.37
Potassium (mmol/L)	4.7 ± 2.0	4.5 ± 0.8	.34
Albumin (g/dL)	3.6 ± 0.9	3.6 ± 0.7	.99
BUN (mg/dL)	19.5 ± 14.9	16.2 ± 10.7	.07
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.8 ± 0.4	0.9 ± 0.8	.62
CRP (mg/L)	27.1 ± 11.5	21.3 ± 3.2	.27
RIFLE classification
Risk	32 (62.7%)
Injury	8 (15.6%)
Failure	11 (21.6%)
Dialysis	2 (3.92%)
Death	8 (15.7%)	8 (3.4%)	.002

ARB: Angiotensin Receptor Blocker; ACEi: Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor; WBC: White Blood Cell; NSAIDs: Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs; CRP: C-reactive Protein; BUN: Blood Urea Nitrogen; Cr: Creatinine; DM: Diabetes Mellitus; CKD: Chronic Kidney Disease.

Table 3. Independent risk factors for the development of AKI.

Variables	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
	p value	OR	95% CI	p value	OR	95% CI
SBP		NA	NA	151	1.014	0.995–1.003
DM	<.001	3.620	1.793–7.309	.001	3.611	1.708–7.633
NSAIDs use	.048	2.422	1.010–6.002	.050	2.630	1.000–6.917
Vancomycin use	.015	3.804	1.348–10.740	.009	4.349	1.452–13.022

SBP: Systolic Blood Pressure; DM: Diabetes Mellitus; NSAIDs: Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs; NA: Not Applicable; OR: Odds Ratio; CI: Confidence Interval.