Are there any new reliable markers to detect renal injury in obese children?

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographic features of the obese and non-obese groups.

		Non-obese		Obese		p value
Age (years)		8.68 ± 3.19		9.87 ± 2.85		.055
Gender	Female	21	60.00%	41	56.94%	.764
	Male	14	40.00%	31	43.06%
Weight (kg)		28.25 ± 9.37		60.71 ± 22.46		.0001*
Height (m)		1.27 ± 0.18		1.43 ± 0.17		.0001*
BMI (kg/m²)		17.19 ± 2.61		28.56 ± 4.95		.0001*
cSKB (mmHg)		108.2 ± 7.9		120.47 ± 13.79		.0001*
cDKB (mmHg)		62.6 ± 8.83		67.74 ± 9.31		.008*

cSBP: casual systolic blood pressure; cDBP: casual diastolic blood pressure.

Table 2. Basic biochemical laboratory assessments.

	Non-obese n = 35	Obese n = 72	p value
Serum creatinine (mg/dL)	0.46 ± 0.1	0.49 ± 0.1	.142
eGFR (creatinine based)	118.14 ± 23.33	123.85 ± 18.45	.172
Cystatin C (mg/L)	0.85 ± 0.12	1.07 ± 0.17	.0001*
HOMA-IR	1.99 ± 1.08	4.91 ± 4.21	.0001*
LDL-C (mg/dL)	85.11 ± 26.89	88.67 ± 25.44	.507
HDL-C (mg/dL)	60.49 ± 13.27	52.85 ± 16.55	.019*
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	79.14 ± 29.13	115.48 ± 55.67	.0001*
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	158.66 ± 22.34	162.03 ± 26.43	.517

eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 3. Comparing the levels of serum and urine KIM1, NGAL, MMP9 and OPN between the obese and non-obese groups.

	Non-obese n = 35	Obese n = 72	p value
sOPN (pg/mL)	49.44 ± 27.04	50.46 ± 22.73	.853
	46.21 (25.55–73.3)	48.29 (33.11–60.93)
sKIM-1 (ng/mL)	1.98 ± 1.56	1.93 ± 2.11	.054
	1.73 (1.15–2.31)	1.24 (0.79–1.91)
sNGAL (ng/mL)	520.26 ± 511.97	523.48 ± 496.48	.626
	339.81 (196.94–506.37)	339.68 (264.17–501.42)
sMMP-9 (ng/L)	998.14 ± 434.06	1489.05 ± 1621.51	.780
	961.17 (644.59–1358)	846.1 (658.36–1454.59)
uKIM-1 (ng/mL)	0.88 ± 0.13	0.93 ± 0.21	.198
	0.88 (0.77–0.94)	0.92 (0.8–1.04)
uNGAL (ng/mL)	279.28 ± 55.79	312.74 ± 50.87	.002*
	303.77 (285.35–331.47)	269.46 (234.18–329.61)
uMMP-9 (ng/L)	894.92 ± 128.56	91.53 ± 143.38	.775
	881.36 (821.69–999.19)	891.33 (804.53–1002.26)
uOPN (pg/mL)	210.75 ± 119.81	299.89 ± 202.73	.02*
	215.24 (139.82–230.54)	271.71 (82.47–507.88)

s: serum; u: urine; OPN: osteopontin; KIM-1: kidney injury molecule-1; NGAL: neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; MMP-9: matrix metalloproteinase-9.