Association between renal damage markers and carotid atherosclerosis in Afro-descendants with hypertension belonging to a minority ethnic group from Brazil

Figures & data

Table 1. Distribution of the clinical-epidemiological characteristics in accordance with the carotid intima-media thickness.

Variables	n (%)	CIMT < 0.9 mm	CIMT ≥ 0.9 mm	p value
		n (%)	n (%)
Sex
Male	79 (38.35)	24 (30.38)	55 (69.62)	.017
Female	127 (61.65)	60 (47.24)	67 (52.76)
Age
<60 years	94 (45.63)	57 (60.64)	37 (39.36)	<.001
60–79 years	99 (48.06)	26 (26.26)	73 (73.74)
≥80 years	13 (6.31)	1 (7.69)	12 (92.31)
Education
0–4 years	180 (87.38)	69 (38.33)	111 (61.67)	.158
5–8 years	13 (6.31)	8 (61.54)	5 (38.46)
>8 years	13 (6.31)	7 (53.85)	6 (46.15)
History of DM
No	180 (87.38)	79 (43.89)	101 (56.11)	.017
Yes	26 (12.62)	5 (19.23)	21 (80.77)
History of Stroke
No	187 (90.78)	79 (42.25)	108 (57.75)	.178
Yes	19 (9.22)	5 (26.32)	14 (73.68)
Use of ACEI/ARB
No	114 (55.34)	52 (45.61)	62 (54.39)	.116
Yes	92 (44.66)	32 (34.78)	60 (65.22)
Use of Statin
No	199 (96.60)	82 (41.21)	117 (58.79)	.504
Yes	7 (3.40)	2 (28.57)	5 (71.43)
Use of ASA
No	189 (91.75)	81 (42.86)	108 (57.14)	.043
Yes	17 (8.25)	3 (17.65)	14 (82.35)
Smoking
No	148 (71.84)	66 (44.59)	82 (55.41)	.075
Yes	58 (28.16)	18 (31.03)	40 (68.97)
BMI (kg/m²)
<30	160 (77.67)	61 (38.13)	99 (61.88)	.149
≥30	46 (22.33)	23 (50.00)	23 (50.00)
PAS (mmHg)
<140	48 (23.30)	26 (54.17)	22 (45.83)	.031
≥140	158 (76.70)	58 (36.71)	100 (63.29)
DBP (mmHg)
<90	114 (55.34)	44 (38.60)	70 (61.40)	.478
≥90	92 (44.66)	40 (43.48)	52 (56.52)

CIMT: carotid intima-media thickness; DM: diabetes mellitus; S: stroke; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; ACEI/ARB: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin-II-receptor blocker AT1; ASA: acetylsalicylic acid; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure.

Table 2. Distribution of the laboratorial characteristics in accordance with the carotid intima-media thickness.

Variables	n (%)	CIMT < 0.9 mm	CIMT ≥ 0.9 mm	p value
		n (%)	n (%)
ACR (mg/g)
<30	159 (77.18)	71 (44.65)	88 (55.35)	.037
≥30	47 (22.82)	13 (27.66)	34 (72.34)
CRP (mg/dL)
<1	186 (90.29)	76 (40.86)	110 (59.14)	.790
1–3	16 (7.77)	7 (43.75)	9 (56.25)
>3	4 (1.94)	1 (25.00)	3 (75.00)
GFR/CKD-EPIcr (mL/min/1.73 m²)
≥60	190 (92.23)	82 (43.16)	108 (56.84)	.017
<60	16 (7.77)	2 (12.5)	14 (87.50)
GFR/CKD-EPIcy (mL/min/1.73 m²)
≥60	180 (87.38)	82 (97.62)	98 (80.33)	<.001
<60	26 (12.62)	2 (7.69)	24 (92.31)
Isolated Hypercholesterolemia
No	178 (86.41)	72 (40.45)	106 (59.55)	.810
Yes	28 (13.59)	12 (42.86)	16 (57.14)
Isolated Hypertriglyceridemia
No	160 (77.67)	59 (36.88)	101 (63.13)	.034
Yes	46 (22.33)	25 (54.35)	21 (45.65)
Mixed Hyperlipidemia
No	170 (82.52)	75 (44.12)	95 (55.88)	.034
Yes	36 (17.48)	9 (25.00)	27 (75.00)
Low HDL
No	114 (55.34)	41 (35.96)	73 (64.04)	.118
Yes	92 (44.66)	43 (46.74)	49 (53.26)
Fasting Blood Glucose
<100	77 (37.38)	50 (38.76)	34 (44.16)	.446
≥100	129 (62.62)	43 (55.84)	79 (61.24)
Uric Acid
Normal	177 (85.92)	77 (43.50)	100 (56.50)	.049
High	29 (14.08)	7 (24.14)	22 (75.86)

CIMT: carotid intima-media thickness; ACR: Albumin/Creatinin Ratio; CPR: ultra-sensitive C-reactive protein; GFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; CKD-EPIcr: Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (use of creatinine); CKD-EPIcy: Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (use of cystatin C); HDL: high density lipoprotein.

Table 3. Non-adjusted regression model for evaluation of association of carotid intima-media thickness with clinical and epidemiological variables.

Variables	PR	CI (95%)	p value
Sex
Female	1
Male	1.32	1.05–1.64	.014
Age
<60 years	1
60–79 years	1.87	1.41–2.47	<.001
≥80 years	2.34	1.74–3.15	<.001
Education
0–4 years	1
5–8 years	0.62	0.31–1.25	.186
>8 years	0.75	0.41–1.36	.344
History of DM
No	1
Yes	1.44	1.14–1.80	.002
History of Stroke
No	1
Yes	1.28	0.94–1.71	.107
Use of ACEI/ARB
No	1
Yes	1.19	0.95–1.50	.114
Use of Statin
No	1
Yes	1.21	0.74–1.97	.430
Use of ASA
No	1
Yes	1.44	1.11–1.85	.005
Smoking
No	1
Yes	1.24	0.99–1.55	.057
BMI (kg/m²)
<30	1		.184
≥30	0.81	0.59–1.10
SBP (mmHg)
<140	1
≥140	1.38	0.99–1.92	.056
DBP (mmHg)
<90	1		.483
≥90	0.92	0.73–1.16

PR: prevalence ratio; CI: confidence interval; DM: diabetes mellitus; S: stroke; MI: myocardial infarction; ACEI/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor inhibitor/angiotensin-II (AT1) receptor blocker; ASA: acetylsalicylic acid; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure.

Table 4. Model of regression not adjusted to evaluate the association of carotid intima-media thickness with laboratory variables.

Variables	PR	CI (95%)	p value
RAC (mg/g)
<30	1
≥30	1.31	1.04–1.63	.020
CRP (mg/dL)
>3	1
1–3	1,27	0.71–2.26	.422
<1	0.95	0.60–1.49	.827
GFR/CKD-EPIcr (mL/min/1.73 m²)
<60	1
≥60	1.54	1.23–1.92	<.001
GFR/CKD-EPIcy (mL/min/1.73 m²)
<60	1
≥60	1.70	1.42–2.01	<.001
Isolated Hypercholesterolemia
No	1
Yes	0.96	0.68–1.35	.814
Isolated Hypertriglyceridemia
No	1
Yes	0.72	0.51–1.01	.060
Mixed Hyperlipidemia
No	1
Yes	1.34	1.06–1.69	.013
Low HDL
No	1
Yes	0.83	0.65–1.05	.126
Fasting Blood Glucose
<100	1
≥100	1.09	0.86–1.39	.455
Uric Acid
Normal	1
High	1.34	1.05–1.71	.018

PR: prevalence ratio; CI: confidence interval; RAC: Ratio: Albumin/Creatinin; CPR: high-sensitive C-reactive protein; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; estimated CKD-EPIcr: Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (use of creatinine); CKD-EPIcy: Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (use of cystatin C); HDL: high density lipoprotein.