Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with elevated galactose-deficient IgA1 in IgA nephropathy

Figures & data

Figure 1. The Helicobacter pylori infection rates in IgA nephropathy patients and healthy controls. IgAN: IgA nephropathy; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.

Table 1. Association of H. pylori infection and clinical manifestation in patients with IgA nephropathy.

	Uninfected (n = 104)	H. pylori infection (n = 157)	Type I H. pylori infection (n = 116)	Type II H. pylori infection (n = 41)	p^a value	p^b value	p^c value	p^d value
Age, years	37.1 ± 11.9	38.1 ± 12.5	39.0 ± 13.4	35.6 ± 9.3	0.500	0.258	0.473	0.075
Sex, male, n (%)	50 (48.1)	85 (54.1)	61 (52.6)	24 (58.5)	0.337	0.504	0.257	0.511
SBP, mmHg	119.6 ± 14.5	126.0 ± 15.5	126.5 ± 15.4	124.5 ± 16.0	0.010	0.002	0.081	0.101
DBP, mmHg	75.1 ± 11.3	77.3 ± 10.5	77.2 ± 9.8	77.5 ± 12.4	0.109	0.138	0.257	0.593
Hypertension, n (%)	42 (40.4)	73 (46.5)	59 (50.9)	14 (34.1)	0.330	0.119	0.487	0.065
Gross hematuria, n (%)	26 (25.0)	37 (23.6)	28 (24.1)	9 (22.0)	0.791	0.882	0.699	0.777
Microscopic hematuria, n (%)	87 (83.7)	137 (87.3)	100 (86.2)	37 (90.2)	0.246	0.399	0.221	0.505
Serum IgG, g/L	10.8 ± 3.2	10.9 ± 3.1	11.0 ± 3.3	10.1 ± 2.8	0.916	0.909	0.248	0.397
Serum IgA, g/L	3.3 ± 1.2	3.4 ± 1.1	3.3 ± 1.1	3.4 ± 1.2	0.510	0.674	0.930	0.989
Serum IgM, g/L	1.3 ± 0.7	1.4 ± 3.3	1.5 ± 3.8	1.1 ± 0.6	0.671	0.464	0.231	0.550
Serum C3, g/L	0.9 ± 0.2	0.9 ± 0.2	0.9 ± 0.2	0.9 ± 0.2	0.672	0.736	0.800	0.879
Proteinuria, g/24 h	1.2 ± 1.4	1.8 ± 2.7	1.9 ± 2.9	1.8 ± 2.0	0.013	0.033	0.088	0.592
Scr, μmol/L	126.4 ± 116.0	149.8 ± 144.4	148.5 ± 128.9	153.5 ± 183.0	0.171	0.187	0.292	0.851
eGFR, mL/min/1.73m^2	77.8 ± 36.7	72.3 ± 37.0	71.8 ± 37.8	73.7 ± 34.9	0.240	0.236	0.546	0.803
CrCl, mL/min	82.8 ± 43.4	77.1 ± 40.4	76.9 ± 42.4	77.4 ± 34.9	0.284	0.322	0.477	0.952
BUN, μmol/L	6.7 ± 3.9	7.9 ± 5.4	8.1 ± 5.6	7.7 ± 4.7	0.042	0.041	0.211	0.687
Treatment regimes, n (%)
ACE inhibitors or ARBs	100 (96.2)	153 (97.5)	114 (98.3)	39 (95.1)	0.551	0.335	0.779	0.271
Immunosuppressive agents	34 (32.7)	48 (30.6)	36 (31.3)	12 (29.3)	0.718	0.792	0.690	0.833
Prednisone	39 (37.5)	52 (33.1)	42 (36.6)	10 (24.4)	0.467	0.843	0.133	0.167
Oxford Score, n (%)
M0/1	30/74 (28.8/71.2)	53/104 (33.8/66.2)	41/75 (35.3/64.7)	12/29 (29.3/70.7)	0.404	0.303	0.960	0.479
E0/1	66/38 (63.5/36.5)	104/53 (66.2/33.8)	75/41 (64.7/35.3)	29/12 (70.7/29.3)	0.644	0.854	0.407	0.479
S0/1	31/73 (29.8/70.2)	49/108 (31.2/68.8)	40/76 (34.5/65.5)	9/32 (22.0/78.0)	0.810	0.459	0.340	0.132
T0/1/2	54/41/9 (49.0/39.4/11.6)	72/72/13 (45.9/45.9/8.2)	50/55/11 (43.1/47.4/9.5)	22/17/2 (53.7/41.5/4.8)	0.581	0.418	0.741	0.418
C0/1/2	86/13/5 (82.7/12.5/4.8)	130/20/7 (82.8/12.7/4.5)	96/16/7 (80.2/13.8/6.0)	37/4/0 (90.2/9.8/0.0)	0.990	0.876	0.308	0.214

ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; C: crescents; CrCl: 24-h creatinine clearance; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; E: Endocapillary proliferation; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; SBP: systolic blood pressure; Scr: serum creatinine; M: mesangial hypercellularity; S: segmental sclerosis; T: interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy.

p^a value: H. pylori infection group versus uninfected group; p^b value: type I H. pylori infection group versus uninfected group; p^c value: type II H. pylori infection group versus uninfected group; p^d value: type I H. pylori infection group versus type II H. pylori infection group.

Figure 2. Levels of plasma IgA1 and galactose-deficient IgA1 in participants. (A) The plasma IgA1 and Gd-IgA1 levels in patients with IgAN and healthy controls. (B) The Plasma IgA1 and Gd-IgA1 levels in IgAN patients with or without H. pylori infection. (C) The Plasma IgA1 and Gd-IgA1 levels in healthy controls with or without H. pylori infection.