Outcomes of critically ill patients with acute kidney injury in COVID-19 infection: an observational study

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flowchart of the study. SARS: severe acute respiratory syndrome.

Table 1. General data of the sample (n = 424).

Variables	Results (%)
Age (years)	66.42 ± 13.79
Sex
Male	251 (59.2%)
Female	173 (40.8%)
AKI etiology
Sepsis	335 (84.2%)
Hypovolemia	45 (11.3%)
Obstructive	17 (4.3%)
Others	1 (0.3%)
Hemodialysis	335 (79%)
Time on dialysis (days)	3 [1–6]
Hemodialysis modality
Prolonged	277 (82.4%)
Short	59 (17.6%)
Mechanical ventilation	383 (90.3%)
PEEP (cmH2O)	10.40 ± 2.45
Vasopressors	325 (76.7%)
qSOFA
1	38 (11.8%)
2	58 (17.9%)
3	227 (70.3%)
Comorbidities
Obesity	53 (12.5%)
Hypertension	248 (58.5%)
Diabetes mellitus	169 (39.9%)
COPD	58 (13.7%)
Heart failure	52 (12.3%)
Cancer	38 (9%)
KDIGO
1	20 (4.7%)
2	79 (18.6%)
3	325 (76.6%)
Death	382 (90.1%)

Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range).

COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; vasopressor (norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine and dobutamine); PEEP: positive end-expiratory pressure; qSOFA: quick Sepsis Related Organ Failure Assessment.

Table 2. Distribution of variables according to mortality.

	Nonsurvivors (n = 382)	Survivors (n = 42)	p
Age (years)	66.90 ± 13.60	62.07 ± 14.82	0.03
Sex			0.96
Male	226 (59.2%)	25 (59.5%)
Female	156 (40.8%)	17 (40.5%)
AKI etiology			<0.001
Sepsis	321 (89.7%)	14 (35%)
Hypovolemia	26 (7.3%)	19 (47.5%)
Obstructive	11 (3.1%)	6 (15%)
Others		1 (2.5%)
Hemodialysis	316 (82.7%)	19 (45.2%)	<0.001
Time on dialysis (days)	2 [1–6]	23 [6–47]	<0.001
Hemodialysis modality			<0.001
Prolonged	269 (84.9%)	8 (42.1%)
Short	48 (15.1%)	11 (57.9%)
Mechanical ventilation	363 (95%)	20 (47.6%)	<0.001
PEEP (cmH2O)	10.45 ± 2.46	9.39 ± 2.03	0.07
Vasopressors	310 (81.2%)	15 (35.7%)	<0.001
qSOFA			<0.001
1	22 (7.6%)	16 (45.7%)
2	47 (16.3%)	11 (31.4%)
3	219 (76%)	8 (22.9%)
Comorbidities
Obesity	50 (13.1)	3 (7.1%)	0.19
Hypertension	220 (57.6%)	28 (66.7%)	0.16
Diabetes mellitus	152 (39.8%)	17 (40.5%)	0.52
COPD	52 (13.6%)	6 (14.3%)	0.52
Heart failure	44 (11.5%)	8 (19%)	0.12
Cancer	36 (9.4%)	2 (4.8%)	0.24
K^+ plasmatic (mEq/L)	4.95 ± 1.12	4.96 ± 0.88	0.96
KDIGO			0.002
1	16 (4.2%)	4 (9.5%)
2	63 (16.5%)	16 (38.1%)
3	303 (79.3%)	22 (52.4%)

Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range).

COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; vasopressor (norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine and dobutamine); PEEP: positive end-expiratory pressure; qSOFA: quick Sepsis Related Organ Failure Assessment.

Table 3. Independent risk factors for mortality and KDIGO stage 3 (logistic regression).

	Mortality		KDIGO 3
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Mechanical ventilation	8.44	3.43–20.74	2.60	1.23–5.45
Vasopressors	2.93	1.28–6.71	1.95	1.12–3.99
KDIGO 3	1.43	0.59–3.45
Dialysis	2.16	0.88–5.32
Age (years)	0.99	0.96–1.02

OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.

Table 4. Distribution of variables according to KDIGO.

	KDIGO 1 (n = 20)	KDIGO 2 (n = 79)	KDIGO 3 (n = 325)	p
Age (years)	69.68 ± 14.14	65.17 ± 13.81	66.76 ± 13.59	0.38
AKI etiology				<0.001
Sepsis	9 (47.4%)	48 (64%)	278 (91.1%)
Hypovolemia	10 (52.6%)	19 (26.6%)	16 (5.2%)
Obstructive		6 (8%)	11 (3.6%)
Others		1 (1.3%)
Hemodialysis	8 (40%)	39 (49.4%)	288 (88.6%)	<0.001
Time on dialysis (days)	2 [1–11]	4 [1–9]	2 [1–6]	0.89
Hemodialysis modality				0.19
Prolonged	8 (100%)	30 (75%)	239 (83%)
Short		10 (25%)	49 (17%)
Mechanical ventilation	16 (80%)	63 (79.7%)	304 (93.5%)	<0.001
PEEP (cmH2O)	9.87 ± 1.92	10.40 ± 2.45	10.44 ± 2.48	0.68
Vasopressor	14 (70%)	48 (60.8%)	263 (80.9%)	<0.001
qSOFA				0.07
1	3 (17.6%)	11 (19.6%)	23 (9.2%)
2	4 (23.5%)	13 (23.2%)	41 (16.5%)
3	10 (58.8%)	32 (57.1%)	185 (74.3%)
Comorbidities
Obesity	2 (10.5%)	13 (17.8%)	38 (11.7%)	0.48
Hypertension	13 (65%)	54 (68.4%)	181 (55.7%)	0.10
Diabetes mellitus	12 (60%)	38 (48.1%)	119 (36.6%)	0.02
COPD	4 (20%)	11 (13.9%)	43 (13.2%)	0.69
Heart failure	4 (20%)	17 (21.5%)	31 (9.5%)	0.08
Cancer	3 (15%)	10 (12.7%)	25 (7.7%)	0.23
K^+ plasmatic (mEq/L)	4.41 ± 1.10	4.79 ± 0.88	5.03 ± 1.13	0.02
Death	16 (80%)	63 (79.7%)	303 (93.2%)	<0.0001

Data are expressed as absolute number and percentage, mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range).

COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; vasopressor (norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine and dobutamine); PEEP: positive end-expiratory pressure; qSOFA: quick Sepsis Related Organ Failure Assessment.