The incidence of pain and its association with quality of life in patients with peritoneal dialysis

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flow chart.

Table 1. Comparison of demographic data and clinical data between non-pain group and pain group.

Variables	Total (n = 463)	Non-pain group (n = 310)	Pain group (n = 153)	p values
Age (years)	48.5 ± 13.9	46.2 ± 13.5	53.2 ± 13.5	<0.001
Male (n, %)	251(54.2%)	176 (56.8%)	75 (49.0%)	0.115
Primary renal disease (n, %)				0.231
Glomerulonephritis	300 (64.8%)	210 (67.7%)	90 (58.8%)
Diabetic nephropathy	70 (15.1%)	43 (13.9%)	27 (17.7%)
Renal vascular diseases	39 (8.4%)	22 (7.1%)	17 (11.1%)
Other	54 (11.7%)	35 (11.3%)	19 (12.4%)
Diabetes mellitus (n, %)	93 (20.1%)	56 (18.1%)	37 (24.2%)	0.122
Hyperuricemia before dialysis (n, %)	42 (9.1%)	27 (8.7%)	15 (9.8%)	0.700
Charlson comorbidity index score (points)	3.0 (2.0∼4.0)	3.0 (2.0∼4.0)	4.0 (3.0∼5.0)	<0.001
Duration of peritoneal dialysis (months)	37.7 (17.5∼66.6)	34.0 (16.2∼60.3)	48.0 (23.5∼74.3)	0.002
Use of painkiller (n, %)	28 (6.1%)	0 (0.0%)	28 (18.3%)	<0.001
Drugs used to treat hyperuricemia (n, %)	69 (14.9%)	43 (13.9%)	26 (17.0%)	0.375
Drugs used to treat metabolic disorders of bone minerals (n, %)	326 (70.4%)	214 (69.0%)	112 (73.2%)	0.355
Urine output (ml/d)	300.0 (0.0∼775.0)	337.5 (10.0∼842.5)	150.0 (0.0∼550.0)	0.006
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	135.6 ± 21.9	135.9 ± 20.9	135.0 ± 23.9	0.702
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	83.1 ± 13.3	84.6 ± 12.6	80.1± 14.1	0.001
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	22.2 ± 3.2	22.0 ± 3.2	22.6 ± 3.2	0.048
Hemoglobin (g/L)	113.4 ± 19.5	114.2± 20.1	111.9 ± 18.4	0.247
Serum albumin (g/L)	37.0± 4.1	37.3 ± 4.0	36.6 ± 4.2	0.079
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (mg/L)	1.6 (0.6∼5.0)	1.3(0.6∼3.8)	2.3 (0.9∼8.4)	<0.001
Serum calcium (mmol/L)	2.3 ± 0.2	2.2 ± 0.2	2.3 ± 0.2	0.017
Serum phosphorus (mmol/L)	1.6 (1.3∼1.9)	1.6 (1.3∼1.9)	1.7 (1.3∼2.1)	0.086
Intact parathyroid hormone (pg/ml)	329.3 (158.1∼647.8)	331.5 (165.0∼569.7)	329.1 (146.1∼718.2)	0.451
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.9 (4.2∼5.7)	4.9 (4.2∼5.7)	4.8 (4.1∼5.6)	0.522
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	1.5 (1.1∼2.2)	1.4 (1.0∼2.1)	1.6 (1.2∼2.8)	0.002
Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L)	16.8 (14.4∼20.4)	16.8 (14.1∼20.4)	14.7 (16.9∼20.4)	0.838
Serum creatinine (µmol/L)	1005.0 (802.0∼1227.0)	1020.0 (814.0∼1257.5)	973.0 (776.0∼1164.0)	0.078
Serum sodium (mmol/L)	138.3 ± 3.9	138.5 ± 4.2	138.0 ± 3.1	0.179
Serum potassium (mmol/L)	4.1 ± 0.7	4.1 ± 0.7	4.1 ± 0.7	0.326
Uric acid (µmol/L)	404.4± 73.0	402.0 ± 71.0	409.4 ± 77.0	0.305
Residual renal function (ml/min/1.73 m^2)	0.9 (0.0∼2.9)	1.1 (0.1∼2.9)	0.5 (0.0∼2.7)	0.124
Clearance index of urea	2.1 (1.8∼2.4)	2.1 (1.8∼2.4)	2.1 (1.8∼2.4)	0.810
Total score of Beck Depression Inventory (points)	10.0 (5.0∼16.0)	9.0 (4.0∼16.0)	11.0 (5.5∼18.5)	0.024
Total score of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (points)	7.0 (5.0∼11.0)	7.0 (4.0∼11.0)	8.5 (5.0∼13.0)	0.005
Total score of quality of life (points)	60.0 ± 17.8	60.7 ± 17.3	58.5 ± 18.8	0.223
Physical component scale (points)	56.9± 18.4	58.1 ± 17.4	54.6 ± 20.1	0.055
Mental component scale (points)	63.0 ± 19.7	63.3± 19.7	62.5 ± 19.9	0.681

Table 2. The influence factors for pain in peritoneal dialysis patients.

Variables	Univariate logistic regression analysis			Multiple logistic regression analysis
	OR	95%CI	p values	OR	95%CI	p values
Age (per 1 year)	1.038	1.023∼1.054	<0.001	1.026	1.002∼1.051	0.032
Male (yes)	0.732	0.496∼1.080	0.116	0.786	0.513∼1.204	0.268
Duration of peritoneal dialysis (per 1 month)	1.010	1.004∼1.016	0.001	1.005	0.997∼1.012	0.198
Charlson comorbidity index (per 1 point)	1.235	1.114∼1.369	<0.001	1.044	0.879∼1.241	0.620
Urine output (per 1 ml/d)	0.999	0.999∼1.000	0.007	1.000	0.999∼1.000	0.560
Diastolic blood pressure (per 1 mmHg)	0.974	0.959∼0.989	0.001	0.992	0.975∼1.010	0.374
Body mass index (per 1 kg/m^2)	1.062	1.000∼1.128	0.049	1.021	0.953∼1.093	0.557
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (per 1 mg/L)	1.038	1.013∼1.064	0.003	1.017	0.991∼1.044	0.198
Serum calcium (per 1 mmol/L)	3.441	1.227∼9.645	0.019	2.640	0.862∼8.085	0.089
Intact parathyroid hormone (per 100 pg/ml)	1.051	1.015∼1.089	0.005	1.043	1.002∼1.086	0.040
Triglycerides (per 1 mmol/L)	1.153	1.011∼1.314	0.034	1.056	0.915∼1.219	0.454

OR: odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval.

Table 3. The impact of pain rating index score on depression symptoms of peritoneal dialysis patients.

Variables	Univariate logistic regression analysis			Multiple logistic regression Analysis
	OR	95%CI	p Values	OR	95%CI	p Values
Age (per 1 year)	0.996	0.983∼1.010	0.603	0.976	0.954∼0.999	0.041
Male (yes)	0.961	0.658∼1.403	0.836	1.007	0.639∼1.587	0.976
Duration of peritoneal dialysis (per 1 month)	1.013	1.007∼1.019	<0.001	1.008	1.001∼1.015	0.033
Charlson comorbidity index (per 1 point)	1.002	0.905∼1.108	0.974	1.063	0.895∼1.262	0.489
Urine output (per 1 ml/d)	0.999	0.999∼0.999	<0.001	0.999	0.999∼1.000	0.025
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (per 1 mg/L)	1.025	1.002∼1.049	0.037	1.013	0.988∼1.038	0.318
Serum phosphorus (per 1 mmol/L)	2.029	1.340∼3.073	0.001	1.633	0.972∼2.746	0.064
Serum creatinine (per 1 µmol/L)	1.001	1.000∼1.002	0.005	1.000	0.999∼1.001	0.885
Total score of pain rating index (per 1 point)	1.129	1.050∼1.214	0.001	1.100	1.019∼1.188	0.015

OR: odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval.

Table 4. The impact of score of pain rating index on total score of Pittsburgh sleep quality index of peritoneal dialysis patients.

Variables	Unitary linear regression analysis				Multiple linear regression analysis
	B	Beta	t	p values	B	Beta	t	p values
Age (per 1 year)	0.002	0.230	4.927	<0.001	0.003	0.283	3.968	<0.001
Male (yes)	−0.028	−0.098	−2.057	0.040	−0.190	−0.067	−1.454	0.147
Duration of peritoneal dialysis (per 1 month)	0.001	0.187	3.959	<0.001	0.0003	0.064	1.250	0.212
Charlson comorbidity index (per 1 point)	0.008	0.103	2.162	0.031	−0.012	−0.162	−2.234	0.026
Urine output (per 1 ml/d)	−0.00005	−0.203	−4.321	<0.001	−0.00002	−0.092	−1.747	0.081
Diastolic blood pressure (per 1 mmHg)	−0.002	−0.153	−3.227	0.001	−0.001	−0.064	−1.281	0.201
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (per 1 mg/L)	0.002	0.096	2.020	0.044	0.00008	0.005	0.100	0.920
Serum phosphorus (per 1 mmol/L)	0.045	0.151	3.176	0.002	0.037	0.123	2.582	0.010
Total score of pain rating index (per 1 point)	0.008	0.180	3.826	<0.001	0.005	0.099	2.023	0.044

Table 5. The impact of pain rating index score on physical component scale of peritoneal dialysis patients.

Variables	Unitary linear regression analysis				Multiple linear regression analysis
	B	Beta	t	p values	B	Beta	t	p values
Age (per 1 year)	−0.152	−0.114	−2.469	0.014	0.063	0.047	0.649	0.517
Male (yes)	−1.061	−0.029	−0.618	0.537	−0.266	−0.007	−0.156	0.876
Duration of peritoneal dialysis (per 1 month)	−0.062	−0.108	−2.339	0.020	−0.019	−0.032	−0.626	0.532
Charlson comorbidity index (per 1 point)	−1.514	−0.153	−3.328	0.001	−1.294	−0.131	−1.822	0.069
Urine output (per 1 ml/d)	0.005	0.158	3.427	0.001	0.003	0.103	1.993	0.047
Diastolic blood pressure (per 1 mmHg)	0.200	0.144	3.133	0.002	0.127	0.092	1.847	0.065
Serum albumin (per 1 g/L)	0.536	0.120	2.585	0.010	0.055	0.012	0.238	0.812
Triglycerides (per 1 mmol/L)	1.248	0.099	2.131	0.034	1.920	0.152	3.127	0.002
Total score of pain rating index (per 1 point)	−0.927	−0.150	−3.265	0.001	−0.727	−0.118	−2.427	0.016

Data availability statement

The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.